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OPERATING COST ESTIMATES. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. TARGETS. TO CONSTRUCT A FACILITY THAT HAS NEGLIGIBLE STREAM OR AIR EMISSIONS PROJECT WILL REQUIRE A CLEAR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) PROJECT WILL BE ABLE TO OBTAIN ALL REQUIRED PERMITS ON TIME TO SUPPORT THE PROJECT SCHEDULE.
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OPERATING COST ESTIMATES ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
TARGETS • TO CONSTRUCT A FACILITY THAT HAS NEGLIGIBLE STREAM OR AIR EMISSIONS • PROJECT WILL REQUIRE A CLEAR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) • PROJECT WILL BE ABLE TO OBTAIN ALL REQUIRED PERMITS ON TIME TO SUPPORT THE PROJECT SCHEDULE. • STUDY REPORT MUST ADDRESS ANY POLLUTANTS GENERATED BY THIS PROJECT
TYPES OF POLLUTANTS • STREAM - SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER • SOIL - SOLID WASTE • AIR • NOISE
DETERMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS • ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN • ISO 14001 [1] IS A SET OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITHIN COMPANIES • COMPANIES NEED TO DEVELOP METHODS TO ANALYZE THE IMPACT OF THEIR PRODUCTION FROM CRADLE-TO-GRAVE [1] http://www.iso.org/iso/en/iso9000-14000/index.html http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2003/87-7972-458-2/html/kap01_eng.htm
CRADLE-TO-GRAVE • WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF THE RAW MATERIALS? • WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS? • WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF THE PRODUCT DURING USE BY THE CUSTOMER AND CONSUMER? • WHAT IMPACTS ARE RELATED TO THE FINAL DISPOSITION OF THE PRODUCT? http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2003/87-7972-458-2/html/kap01_eng.htm
DRIVING FORCES • INTERNAL FORCES • EXTERNAL FORCES http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2003/87-7972-458-2/html/kap01_eng.htm
DEVELOPING THE MANAGEMENT PLAN • IS BEYOND THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY • IT REQUIRES MORE SPECIFIC PLANS AND DESIGNS TO DETERMINE ACTUAL IMPACTS • THE INFORMATION FROM THIS STUDY SHOULD SUPPORT THE ANALYSIS OF THE MANUFACTURING COMPONENT • ALTERNATE TECHNOLOGIES AND MATERIALS CAN BE ANALYZED WITH RESPECT TO POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.
STREAM POLLUTION • STREAMS MUST BE TREATED TO A LEVEL ACCEPTABLE TO SEND TO A PUBLICLY OWNED TREATMENT WORKS (POTW) • NORMALLY SPECIFIED IN TERMS OF pH, BOD AND COD • SPECIAL REGULATIONS APPLY TO METALS AND TOXIC ORGANICS • CONCENTRATED STREAMS WILL TYPICALLY REQUIRE CHEMICAL PROCESSING • DILUTE STREAMS MAY BE TREATED WITH BIOLOGICAL METHODS (SEE CHAPTER 2 Pp. 47 -50 FOR APPLICATION DATA) http://www.earthquakeprotection.com/american_river_bridge.html
STREAM POLLUTION • ENTRAINED SOLIDS MUST ALSO BE REMOVED (CLARIFICATION) • APPROXIMATE COSTS ARE SHOWN IN TABLE B-8
AIR POLLUTION • PARTICULATES [1] • INCLUDES DUSTS AND AEROSOLS • CATEGORIZED BY SIZE • PM10 - COARSE PARTICULATE >10 μM • PM2.5 - FINE PARTICULATE [2] , 2.5 μM, THAT CAN ENTER DEEP INTO THE LUNGS • METHODS OF REMOVAL - SEE FIGURE 2-2 • FILTRATION • ESP’S [1] http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/pm.html [2] http://www.epa.gov/pmdesignations/ www.library.ca.gov/CRB/97/09/
TYPICAL PARTICULATE http://www.lakeair.com/images/partic1.jpg
TOXIC VAPORS & GASES • MOST MATERIALS ARE CLASSIFIED BY THE EPA IN TERMS OF THEIR HAZARD POTENTIAL • THE 1990 CLEAN AIR ACT LISTED SPECIFIC MATERIALS. http://www.epa.gov/oar/caa/contents.html • A SUMMARY OF THE INTENT OF THE ACT AND THE LIST OF HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS IS AVAILABLE, www.pca.state.mn.us/air/pubs/4-14.pdf • CALIFORNIA – PROPOSITION 65, THE Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65.html
TYPICAL SOURCES • SEE TABLE 2-8 • http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/brochure/sixprin.html LISTS THE PRINCIPAL POLLUTANTS AND SOURCES • REMOVAL PROCESSES • REFER TO TABLE 2-7 FOR REMOVAL METHODS • USE SCRUBBERS • USE DE-ENTRAINMENT DEVICES • SEE RELATED PROCESS DESIGN FOR COST DATA
SOLID WASTES • MAY BE SUITABLE FOR COMBUSTION/PYROLYSIS • PYROLYSIS CAN RECOVER MATERIALS THAT WOULD NORMALLY BE OXIDIZED • INCINERATION TYPICALLY PRODUCES A REFRACTORY MATERIAL THAT IS NOT TOXIC • PLASMA CAN BE USED TO REDUCE MATERIALS TO ELEMENTAL COMPONENTS • MAY NEED TO BE STORED IN SEALED LANDFILL OR UNDERGROUND STORAGE • RECYCLING IS THE PREFERRED METHOD
NOISE • BEST METHOD IS TO DESIGN INDIVIDUAL UNITS TO MEET REQUIRED dB LEVELS FOR EQUIPMENT • NOISE CAN BE ADDITIVE. • SEE TYPICAL NOISE LEVELS OF EQUIPMENT TABLE 2-10 AND http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/01-104.html • http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/brochure/sixprin.html ALSO PROVIDES DATA FOR SPECIFIC EQUIPMENT www.ehs.ufl.edu/OCCMED/noiselvl.pdf
CONTROL OF NOISE • BY USING LOW-LEVEL NOISE DESIGNS - FOR EXAMPLE AVOIDING SONIC VELOCITIES IN FLOWS • UNITS CAN BE PLACED IN HOUSINGS TO MUFFLE THE NOISE http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/brochure/sixprin.html • PERSONNEL PROTECTION FOR NOISE CONTROL IS A LAST RESORT FOR A WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/brochure/sixprin.html http://www.queenslandsafety.com.au/images/hearing_protection/bilsom_818_nst.jpg http://www.flowsafe.com/cryo/3.jpg http://www.cnj.web.com/noiseabatement.htm