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4.3 Notes: The Persian and Peloponnesian Wars

4.3 Notes: The Persian and Peloponnesian Wars. Objectives. Summarize how the Persian Wars affected Greece. Explain how Pericles instituted a direct democracy in Athens. Understand the causes and effects of the Peloponnesian War. Terms and People.

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4.3 Notes: The Persian and Peloponnesian Wars

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  1. 4.3 Notes:The Persian and Peloponnesian Wars

  2. Objectives • Summarize how the Persian Wars affected Greece. • Explain how Pericles instituted a direct democracy in Athens. • Understand the causes and effects of the Peloponnesian War.

  3. Terms and People • alliance – a formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defense • Pericles – Athenian statesman during the golden age of Athens • direct democracy – a system of government in which citizens take part directly in the day-to-day affairs of government • stipend – a fixed salary

  4. Terms and People(continued) • jury – a panel of citizens who have the authority to make the final judgment in a trial • ostracism – a process by which a public figure is banished from the city for a period of years

  5. The Athenian leader Themistocles knew they would be attacked again. Persians conquered a huge empire in Asia, including the Greek city-state Ionia. Athens sent ships to help the Ionians. The Persians decided to punish them. Persia invaded Athens in 490 B.C. The Athenians, although outnumbered, were victorious. Athens joined with Sparta and other Greek city-states to fight a new Persian invasion.

  6. The Persians defeated the Spartans and moved on to Athens, but it was empty. Its inhabitants had withdrawn. Athenians lured Persian ships to a narrow strait and sank them. Persians invaders under King Xerxes invaded in 480 B.C. They were met by Spartan warriors.

  7. Athens used its leadership position to create an empire, dominating the other members. It organized a formal alliancewith other Greek city-states called the Delian League. The Persian invasions ended when the Greeks defeated them on land. Athens emerged from the war as the most powerful city-state.

  8. Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens enjoyed a golden age from 460 B.C. to 429 B.C. The Athenian assembly met several times a month. A council selected by lot conducted daily government business. Even poor men could serve in government, because those who participated in the assembly received a stipend. At this time, Athens was a direct democracy.

  9. Athenians served on juries,which at that time could consist of hundreds or thousands of citizens. Citizens could vote to banish public figures from the city, a process called ostracism. During this Age of Pericles, Athens prospered. Pericles

  10. Athens became the cultural center of Greece. Pericles rebuilt the Acropolis, which had been destroyed by the Persians. He encouraged the arts through public festivals, dramatic competitions, and building programs. This policy increased prosperity by giving jobs to artisans and workers.

  11. War broke out between Athens and Sparta in 431 B.C. All of Greece soon became involved in the Peloponnesian War, which lasted 27 years. Sparta and its allies conquered Athens in 404 B.C., and Athenian dominion declined. Other city-states resented Athenian domination of the Delian League. Enemies of Athens, led by Sparta, formed the Peloponnesian League.

  12. How did war with invaders and conflict among Greeks affect the city-states? Greek city-states often fought one another. When Greeks were threatened by the Persians, they eventually united to defend their independence. However, a later war among the city-states led to the decline of Greek power.

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