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Range of charged particles (E. Segrè, Nuclei and particles). Alpha-particles in air (discovery of the proton) (E. Segrè, Die großen Physiker...). Bragg curves (E. Segrè, Nuclei and particles). Range of charged particles
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Range of charged particles (E. Segrè, Nuclei and particles)
Alpha-particles in air (discovery of the proton) (E. Segrè, Die großen Physiker...)
Bragg curves (E. Segrè, Nuclei and particles)
Range of charged particles (aus: C. Grupen, Teilchendetektoren) Muons in rock:Electrons in various materials:
Energy loss of charged particles due to ionisation Bethe – Bloch formula:
Energy loss of various charged particles in air (C. Grupen, Teilchendetektoren)
Contributions to the energy loss of muons in iron (C. Grupen, Teilchendetektoren)
Multiple scattering of electrons (W.R. Leo, Techniques...) Beam broadening: Backscattering:
Books on particle detection: G. Knoll: Radiation detection (Addison Wesley) W.R. Leo: Techniques for nuclear and particle physics experiments, a how-to approach (Springer) C. Grupen: Teilchendetektoren (B.I. Wissenschaftsverlag)
RICH1Ring Imaging Cherenkov • 80 m3 (3 m C4F10) • 116 VUV mirrors (3.3 m focal length) • 5.3 m2 VUV detectors • MWPC CsI photon-sensitive cathodes • 8x8 mm2 pads • 84k channels of analog read-out
RICH-1 an event from on-line display Photon detectors (PD) : MWPCs with CsI photocathodes (5.3 m2), 84,000 analog read-out ch.s VUV mirror wall, 21 m2, 116 mirrors
2 hadrons one or two Kaons identified in RICH both Kaons identified in RICH Kaon identification efficiency from N-decay ~35% Hadron reconstruction without and with RICH Decay: N K+ K-
4. Particle interaction with condensed matter, particle detection 4.1 Charged particles 4.1.1 Basic terms 4.1.2 Bethe-Bloch formula 4.1.3 Cherenkov effect 4.2 Photons 4.3 Neutrons 4.4 Some practical devices
Ionisation chamber (Grupen, Teilchendetektoren) 1 electron – ion pair per w 30eV
Yield of ions in a gas detector (Leo, Techniques...)
Multiwire chamber (Charpak) position sensitivity (Grupen, Teilchendetektoren)
Gas Electron Multiplier foils (Sauli 1995) 50 mm (two dimensional) 2 dimensional read-out
Organic Scintillator (Leo, Techniques...) < 10 ps ns Very rapid fluorescence signal (a few ns) timing Production of light requires 100 eV per photon (NaI: 25 eV)
Scintillator – light guide – photomultiplier (Leo, Techniques...)
Measurement of time-of-flight (Grupen, Teilchendetektoren) e.g. also as a veto detector
Photomultiplier tube (Grupen, Teilchendetektoren) Quantum efficiency of the photocathode: 10 – 30 % Amplification: up to 107
Multichannel plate (Application: light amplifiers) (Leo, Techniques...) Channel width: 10 – 100 m Amplification: 103 – 104 per plate
Energy resolution NaI-Scintillator – Germanium (Leo, Techniques...) NaI: 8% (25 eV per photon) Ge: 0.15% (3 eV per photon)
Bubble chamber (Glaser 1952) - liquid at 5 – 20 atmospheres - bubbles form along the path of ionisation at relaxation – take photo - magnetic field for deviation of charged particles
Hadronic Cascade (Grupen, Teilchendetektoren)