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The Many Sources and Uses of Hydrogen

The Many Sources and Uses of Hydrogen. Presented by: Trung Jena. Facts. 90% Atoms in universe 15% Atoms in Earth’s crust Combined with other elements Oxygen Carbon. Isotopes. 1) ¹H Protium -No neutrons 2) ²H Deuterium -One neutron 3) ³H or Radioactive Tritium -Two neutrons.

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The Many Sources and Uses of Hydrogen

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  1. The Many Sources and Uses of Hydrogen Presented by: Trung Jena

  2. Facts • 90% Atoms in universe • 15% Atoms in Earth’s crust • Combined with other elements • Oxygen • Carbon

  3. Isotopes 1) ¹H Protium -No neutrons 2) ²H Deuterium -One neutron 3) ³H or Radioactive Tritium -Two neutrons

  4. Molecular and Physical Properties of Diatomic Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium

  5. Industrial Production of Hydrogen Thermal Methods Electroylsis CH₄(g) + H₂O(g) → CO(g) + 3H₂(g) ΔH°= 206kJ H₂O(g) + CO(g) ↔ CO₂(g) + H₂(g) ΔH°= -41kJ Reduction Half: 2H₂O(l) + 2e⁻ → H₂(g) + 2OH⁻(aq) E= -0.42V Oxidation Half: H₂O(l) → ⅟₂O₂(g) + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ E= 0.82V _______________________________ H₂O(l) → H₂(g) + ⅟₂O₂(g) Ecell= -0.42 – 0.82 = -1.24V Step 1: -Heat reactants to 1000°C over nickel based catalyst -Results in H₂ Step 2: -To get more H₂ the product mixture is heated with steam at 400°C over an iron or cobalt oxide catalyst

  6. Laboratory Production of Hydrogen • Reduction of H₂O to H₂ and OH¯ by very active metals Ca(s) + 2H₂O(l) → Ca²⁺(aq) + 2OH⁻(aq) + H₂(g) • Strongly Reducing hydride ion NaH(s) + H₂O(l) → Na⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) + H₂(g) • Reduce H⁺ in acids by less active metals Zn(s) + 2H⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + H₂(g)

  7. Industrial Uses of Hydrogen • > 95% use in ammonia or petrochemical facilities • CH₄ (g) + H₂O(g) --> CO (g) + 3H₂(g) • A plant produces Hydrogen to make some other end product • All excess of product mixture (CH₄, CO, H₂) is burned in amount of air (N₂ and O₂) and form addition water.

  8. Industrial Uses of Hydrogen Cont. • Second major use of Hydrogen is in hydrogenation of the C=C bond in liquid oils to form the C-C bonds in solid fats and margarine • hydrogenated vegetable oils • gasoline additive

  9. Production and Uses of Deuterium • Produced from D₂O (heavy water) • 0.016 mol % D₂O in normal water • Isolated on the multition scale by electrolytic enrichment • The process is based on the kinetic isotope effect of hydrogen • Higher rate of bond breaking for O-H bond compared to O-D bonds • Higher rate of electrolysis of H₂O compared with D₂O

  10. Production and Uses of Deuterium Cont. • Deuterium gas is produced by electrolysis of D₂O • 2Na(s) + 2D₂O (l) --> 2Na+ (aq) + 2OD- (aq) + D₂ (g)

  11. Movie • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fesgl5Cs5FY

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