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Unit 3 Cells

Unit 3 Cells. Ch. 7 Cell Structure & Function. The Discovery of the Cell. Robert Hooke used compound light microscope to view cork, a plant material Cork had 1000’s of chambers in it - named the chambers “cells”. The Cell Theory. Cells - the basic unit of life Developed the cell theory:

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Unit 3 Cells

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  1. Unit 3 Cells Ch. 7 Cell Structure & Function

  2. The Discovery of the Cell • Robert Hooke used compound light microscope to view cork, a plant material • Cork had 1000’s of chambers in it - named the chambers “cells”

  3. The Cell Theory • Cells - the basic unit of life • Developed the cell theory: • All living things are made of cells • Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things • New cells are produced from preexisting cells

  4. Exploring the Cell

  5. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes • Cells are in 2 broad categories depending on whether they have a nucleus • Nucleus - a membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell’s DNA • Controls the cells activities

  6. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes • Eukaryotes - cells that have a nucleus • Prokaryotes - cells that do not have a nucleus

  7. Comparing the Cell to a Factory • Organelles - “little organs”, structures within a cell • Cytoplasm - portion of the cell outside the nucleus

  8. Nucleus • Nucleus - contains cell’s DNA, & with it, the instructions for making proteins • Nuclear envelope - membrane that surrounds the nucleus • Nucleolus - center of nucleus, where ribosomes are formed

  9. Ribosomes • Proteins are made on ribosomes • Ribosomes - small particles of RNA & protein found throughout the cytoplasm • Site of protein synthesis (to make)

  10. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Endoplasmic reticulum - ER - site where proteins are assembled

  11. Golgi Apparatus • Golgi apparatus - function is to package proteins from the ER • The “packaging center” of the cell

  12. Lysosomes • Lysosomes - small organelles filled with enzymes • They break down (digest) lipids, carbohydrates, & proteins into molecules that can be used by the cell

  13. Vacuoles • Vacuoles - saclike structures that store materials like water, salts, proteins, & carbs.

  14. Mitochondria & Chloroplasts • Mitochondria - organelles that convert chemical energy stored in food to compounds that can be used by the cell • The “powerhouse” of the cell

  15. Mitochondria & Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts - organelles that capture energy from sun & convert it into chemical energy, during photosynthesis • Green structures, only found in PLANT cells

  16. Cytoskeleton • Cytoskeleton - a network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain its shape

  17. Cell Membrane • Cell membrane - regulates what enters & leaves the cell, also provide protection & support • Contains lipid bilayer - 2 layers of lipids

  18. Cell Boundaries • Cell wall - found in plant cells, fungi, algae, & many prokaryotes (NOT in animal cells) • Provides support & protection for the cell

  19. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries • Every living cell exists in a liquid environment that it needs to survive • Cells have a different concentration or amount of substances within them

  20. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries • Diffusion - movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to lesser concentration to create equilibrium • Does NOT require energy • Equilibrium - when the concentration of a substance is the same on both sides of a membrane

  21. Osmosis • Osmosis - diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, until equilibrium is reached

  22. The Effects of Osmosis on Cells

  23. Facilitated Diffusion • Facilitated diffusion - molecules that can’t diffuse across the cell’s lipid bilayer on their own, move through protein channels instead

  24. Active Transport • Active transport - requires energy moves against the concentration gradient from low to high

  25. Unicellular Organisms • Cells are the basic units of all organisms, but sometimes a cell is the organism • A single-celled organism is also called a unicellular organism

  26. Multicellular Organisms • Organisms made up of many cells are multicellular • Cell specialization - cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks

  27. Cell Specialization

  28. Levels of Organization • The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are individual cells, tissues, organs, & organ systems

  29. Levels of Organization • Tissue - a group of similar cells that perform a particular function • Organ - many groups of tissue working together • Organ system - a group of organs working together to perform a specific function

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