Important European Wars

1. Important European Wars

2. Hundred Years’ War(1337-1453) • Cause: • Land conflict between England and France • New weapons used throughout the war(Long bow, cross bow, gun) • Results: • England gave up claims to land in France • War allowed each monarch to exert more control over the people and nobles(led to the beginning of “new monarchs” in both countries.)

3. Habsburg- Valois War(1521-1544) • Cause: • Territorial conflict between France and Austria(Primarily over control of Italy) • Francis I of Valois and Charles V of Habsburg • Details: • Ottoman Empire also fought against the Habsburgs in eastern Europe • Results: • Treaty in 1559 gave both France and Spain some holdings in Italy • Continued tension between France and Habsburgs

4. French Wars of Religion(1562-1598) • Causes: • Conflict between French Calvinist(Huguenots) and French Catholics • Details: • Catholic majority greatly outnumbered the Calvinist minority • Major violence against Huguenots, massacre in 1572(St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Results: • Henry IV takes the throne of France(He was a Calvinist that converted to Catholicism)~”Paris is worth a mass” • Edict of Nantes: Allowed Huguenots to freely worship, but acknowledged that Catholicism was the official religion

5. 30 Years War(1618-1648) • Causes • Primary cause was religious conflict between the Catholic Habsburgs and Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire(Peace of Augsburg by Charles V(1555) had brought a temporary end to warfare between German Catholics and Lutherans • Other countries became involved, either to help the Protestants or attempt to reduce Habsburg power • Details • Fought over the course of four different phases • Edict of Restitution(1629): Prohibited Calvinist worship and restored all land to the Catholic Church and property taken by Protestant princes

6. Results of Thirty Year’s War • Peace of Westphalia ensured that all German states, including the Calvinist ones, were free to determine their own religion • France, Sweden, and Brandenburg all gained land • More than 300 states that made up Holy Roman Empire were recognized as virtually independent • Religion and the state became even more separate

7. English Civil War(1642-1649) • Causes • Conflict between Charles I and the Parliament • English monarchs and Parliament had been battling for power • Details • Charles I was beheaded(1649), but Oliver Cromwell seize control of the government • Results • The power of the monarch had been greatly reduced in England

8. War of Spanish Succession(1702-1713) • Causes • Charles II, king of Spain, left his throne to the grandson of Louis XIV • Details • A coalition of England, the United Provinces, Austria, and German states opposed Spain and France • Results • Peace of Utrecht confirmed Philip V as the king of Spain and affirmed that Spain and France would remain separate

9. Great Northern War(1701-1721) • Causes • Peter the Great wanted to gain a warm water port for Russia • Details • War between Poland, Denmark, and Russia vs. Sweden • At the beginning Sweden held back the three powers but was eventually overpowered by Russia • Results • Russia acquired Estonia, Livonia, and Karelia and Sweden became a second-rate power

10. War of Austrian Succession(1740-1748) • Causes • Charles VI did not have a male heir, so passed the Pragmatic Sanction(which was supposed to make Austrian lands indivisible and recognize his daughter Maria Theresa as leader of Austria) • Details • Prussia and France attacked Austria and England came to the defense of Austria • Fighting spread all over the world • Results • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returned all lands to their original owners, except Silesia which Prussia refused to give back

11. 7 Years War(French and Indian War)(1754-1763) • Causes • France, Austria, Russia vs. Prussia and England • Details • This war saw a diplomatic revolution, in that alliance times enemies and alliances changed greatly • This war saw conflict in the Americas, India, and Europe • Results • Treaty of Paris ended the war and greatly reduced French power • This war led to the American revolution and indirectly to the French Revolution

12. Napoleonic War(1801-1815) • Causes • Napoleon was longing to expand the French Empire in Europe • Details • Napoleon controlled most of Europe, either directly or indirectly • Coalition of Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain formed to defeat Napoleon • Results • Monarchy was restored in France and the European countries attempted to maintain a balance of power • Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the Holy Alliance and attempted to reduce the spread of liberalism

13. Crimean War(1854-1856) • Causes • War between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over religious rights in Palestine and land in Eastern Europe • Details • France and Great Britain supported the Ottoman Empire because they feared Russia’s territorial ambitions • Results • Russian was defeated and withdrew from European affairs and attempted to modernize • This war also destroyed the Concert of Europe, where the big powers had agreed to negotiate rather than use war

14. Prussian Wars of Unification(1864-1871) • Causes • Prussia was looking to gain land and bring unification to Germany • Details • Prussia defeat Denmark, Austria, and France in a series of three separate wars • Results • Germany becomes unified under a Parliamentary monarchy led by William I of Prussia • Tensions of this war led to much bitterness and resentment between Germany and France

15. Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905) • Cause: • Japan invaded Russia looking to gain more land • Details: • It was clear that Russia simply it did not have the same level of technology as Japan • Results: • Russia gave up a large amount of land and realized that they still had a large amount of industrialization to do • The people of Russia revolted in 1905, but did not actually gain much