Religious Wars and European Expansion

1. Religious Wars and European Expansion Reformation and Repercussions

2. French Reformed Christians (Calvinists) • Especially popular among the nobility, middle class, and intelligentsia • Means of opposing the monarch • Between 40-50% of nobles • More commonly found in cities and towns • Heavily criticized most Catholic traditions What is a Huguenot?

3. Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, ends war between Spain and France, 1559 • The War of the Three Henrys • Three major groups • Catholic – Valois (monarchy) • Ultra-Catholic – Guise (aristocrats) • Huguenot – Bourbon (Navarre) • Ongoing battles for control and influence within France • Brought to a head with St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • 5,000 - 30,000 Protestants killed in Paris and provinces • Undetermined plot source French Wars of Religion

4. With the elimination of Guise by Catherine de Medici, Valois and Bourbon prepare to battle it out • Bourbon prepares to take the throne, but is France (Paris) ready for a Huguenot king? • “Paris is worth a Mass” – Henry of Navarre • Henry IV of France → And the winner is…Henry

5. • Middle class merchants dominate political life in the Netherlands • Wealthiest area of Europe, due to confluence of trade and Dutch naval superiority • Part of the Holy Roman Empire and Hapsburg Burgundian lands • Calvinism made deep inroads changing the nature of Spain’s relationship with the Netherlands • Charles V was native Fleming, thus acceptable to the Dutch; his son Philip, who inherited the lands was not acceptable because he spoke no Dutch or French Trouble in the Netherlands

6. Under leadership of William the Silent (Orange), Dutch successfully fought off the Spanish • William was Stadholder of the Netherlands (appointed by Charles V) • Calvinists went on an iconoclastic rampage in Antwerp, raising the ire of Philip II of Spain (nationalistic and religious difference fused) • United Provinces of the Netherlands (northern portion), Dutch-speaking, Calvinist gained independence, not officially recognized until after 1648. Dutch Revolt (80 Year’s War)

7. Determined to stamp out heresy, Philip ordered duke of Alva (Iron Duke) to suppress Calvinists, leading to Council of Blood where many leading Calvinists were killed • Sent thousands of troops to suppress Dutch, resulting in spread of potatoes • Spent lavishly from Spanish gold revenues from the New World • Defeated Turkish navy at Lepanto, 1571 • Sought to maintain tax base of the Netherlands, Spanish subjects mostly were not as wealthy as Dutch • Built El Escorial Philip II’s Legacy

8. England supplied money and troops to keep the Dutch fighting Spain • Proxy war • Aroused ire of Spain • Philip was former suitor of Elizabeth, spurned because of his Catholicism • Mary, Queen of Scots, executed for treasonous plot to assassinate Elizabeth • Philip had sought Mary’s hand • Elizabeth had been excommunicated by the Pope Pius V (solidifying English Protestantism) • Spanish Armada, 1588 • What is the truth of this tale? • Spanish primacy rooted in New World wealth? England’s involvement

9. Beginning: Defenestration of Prague • Protestant Union vs. Catholic League • Jesuits advocated war • Confessors to major rulers • Ferdinand II, HRE – moves to consolidate Catholicism in the Empire • Bohemian phase (1618-25) – Bohemian resentment of Hapsburg domination over after Battle of White Mountain (Germanification of Bohemia) Thirty Years’ War (TYW): 1618-48

10. Denmark, then Sweden, then France get involved in successive stages on Protestant behalf. • GustavusAdolphus of Sweden becomes Protestant champion • The rub? France is officially Catholic • Political concerns override religious ones • War starts as religious feud, ends as political quagmire reverting to status quo ante bellum • Social effects: • Musketry changes warfare • 33-40% of Germanic populace die during the war TYW goes international

11. War ends with Peace of Westphalia, 1648 • Recognizes tripartite religious split • Independence for Dutch • HRE reduced as political power, divisions of empire entrenched • France expands at expense of HRE • Loss of papal prestige and influence • German lands riven by religious and political disagreements, preventing unity until well after the French Revolution Peace of Westphalia

12. Golden Century (Siglo de Oro) • Wealth brought inflation • Repudiation of debts • Flowering of art • Great building projects • Spain enmeshed in many wars • Increasing significance of African slave trade Effects of Exploration

13. Jagiellon dynasty – personal union of Polish and Lithuanian crowns • Elective monarchy • Rivalry with Swedish house exacerbated by intermarriage • Swedish power (Protestant) • Independent from Danes, 1523 • Gustav Vasa • Included Finland • Emerges strengthened from war with Poland and Baltic states • GustavusAdolphus – led Sweden into continental power and Thirty Years’ War Poland and Sweden

14. Eastern Orthodox people – since conversion of princes of Kiev, especially Vladimir the Great • Mongol invasion and supremacy from 1220’s until emergence of Muscovite princes in the 1480’s • Mongols named various Russian princes as their chief tribute and tax collectors • Muscovite princes made this part of their goals, to gain title “Grand Prince” • Saw themselves as heirs to Byzantine empire (Third Rome) • Ivan III, challenged Mongol authority in 1480’s taking title of Tsar, and Autocrat of all Russias; married to the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor, Constantine XII • Autocrat recognized no other power in his lands Russia from Muscovy

15. Ivan III – creates the service nobility (compare to nobles of the robe, Fr.) • Ivan IV – “the Terrible”; hated boyars, 1st to take title “tsar”; bound serfs to the land to prevent the loss of agriculture • His tyrannical rule was followed by “Time of Troubles” • Emergence of Romanov house, 1613 • Old Believer schism brought Russian Orthodox Church more closely into alignment with the tsar Russian Absolutism

16. Witch hunts emerged in 17th century as common • Older, unmarried women often targets • Scapegoats for trouble • Charged with worshiping the Devil, eating infants, casting spells, other inexplicable phenomena • Wealthy men’s mistresses • Baroque art • Painting – Catholic • Overwhelming majesty and awe • Please refer to European Art 1400-1700 for visual examples • Literature • Essays – Michel de Montaigne, skeptic, wrotespeculative works, “On Cannibals” • English literature blossomed • Shakespeare • Marlowe • KJV Witches, Literature, Art