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THE EUROPEAN WARS OF RELIGION c. 1560-1648

THE EUROPEAN WARS OF RELIGION c. 1560-1648. Philip II (r. 1556 – 1598). Son of Charles V Ruled Spanish & Portuguese Empires, Netherlands and Southern Italy. Strongest military power in the world. El Escorial.

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THE EUROPEAN WARS OF RELIGION c. 1560-1648

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  1. THE EUROPEAN WARS OF RELIGIONc. 1560-1648

  2. Philip II (r. 1556 – 1598) • Son of Charles V • Ruled Spanish & Portuguese Empires, Netherlands and Southern Italy. • Strongest military power in the world.

  3. El Escorial • New royal palace/fortress (and monastery and mausoleum) in shape of grill, reflected Philip’s religious and military convictions.

  4. Catholic Crusade • Philip II fanatically seeks to reimpose Catholicism in Europe. • Takes on Calvinists in his Netherlands territories. • Fights against Protestant England due to Elizabeth I’s support of the Dutch • Takes on Muslim Turks power in the Mediterranean.

  5. Battle of Lepanto • Encouraged by Pope Pius V, Philip used combined Spanish and Italian fleets to fight the Turks. • Spain defeated Turkish navy off coast of Greece. • Turkish navy severely weakened as result.

  6. The Dutch Revolt • Calvinist Netherlands resented foreign rule by Spain (both on religious, economic, and political grounds). • Philip II sends the Duke of Alva to suppress revolt. 1567-1572 reign of terror killing thousands of rebels. Duke of Alva

  7. The Dutch Revolt • 1579, seven northern provinces form Union of Utrecht to continue fight. • William I (William of Orange) (1533-1584), led 7 provinces against Inquisition and revolt against rule of Philip II. He was assassinated in 1584. • Struggle continued to 1609; 12-year truce enacted; Defacto Dutch independence formally recognised in P of W in 1648.

  8. England v. Spain • Queen Mary Tudor (Philip’s wife) reimposes Catholicism in England. • Alliance with England ends with death of Mary in 1558 and the accession of Elizabeth. • Queen Elizabeth I reverses Mary’s edicts Elizabeth helps Protestant Netherlands gain independence from Spain. • Philip plots to reimpose Catholicism in England

  9. Elizabeth I • Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603) championed Protestant causes in Europe. • England was an unlikely foe to Spain (lost possessions in Europe, had no overseas possessions) • Elizabeth carefully crafted her image to instill the love of her people. • Elizabeth supported the Dutch Revolt and English privateers regularly attacked Spanish colonial shipping.

  10. The Armada, 1588 • Philip II attempts to invade England to end Protestant resistance. • Fleet attempts to pick up Spanish troops in the Netherlands for invasion. • Armada is harassed by smaller, better armed and more manuverable English fleet

  11. The Armada, 1588 • The combination of better English seamanship and bad weather (“the Protestant Wind”) defeated the Spanish. • Forced to return home via northern route, half the fleet lost. • Marked the beginning of the end of Spanish power; leads to rise of Netherlands, England and France.

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