Reproduction

1. Reproduction

2. Asexual Reproduction • Some organisms, such as yeast and bacteria, reproduce asexually: • First, it copies its DNA • Then it divides in half, forming 2 cells with identical genetic material • Each cell gets a copy of the DNA • Those then reproduce the same way with identical genetic material • All are identical to the original parent!

3. Sexual Reproduction Organisms that have a male and female (two parents) reproduce sexually: • Each produces sex cells, each with one copy of their DNA • When they join, fertilization occurs • The offspring is a mix of its parents, having received half of its genes from each one • Small differences accumulate, so descendants show variety from their ancestors.

4. Selective Breeding • Breeders of animals and plants in today's world are looking to produce organisms that will possess desirable characteristics, such as high crop yields, resistance to disease, high growth rate and many other phenotypical characteristics that will benefit the organism and species in the long term • This is usually done by crossing two members of the same species which possess dominant alleles for particular genes.

5. The offspring will become heterozygous, meaning the allele for each characteristic will possess one dominant and one recessive gene. • This process of selecting parents is called artificial selection or selective breeding, and poses no threat to nature from man manipulating the the course of nature.

6. Genetic Engineering The simple addition, deletion, or manipulation of a single trait in an organism to create a desired change.

7. Genetic Engineering -genetic material can be shared across scientific kingdoms. -bacteria engineered-produce human proteins -potential is virtually endless.

8. Cloning • An exact genetic copy. • Offspring are produced asexually.

10. How Dolly was cloned…