Spain and USA relations

1. Spain and USA relations

2. Spain and USA relations • Colonisation of parts of the Americas by Spain. • Florida, New Mexico, California, Arizona, Texas, and Louisiana. • The history of Spanish–American relations has been defined as one of "love and hate".

3. Spain and American Revolution Intelligence, food and ammunition. Among the most notable Spaniards that fought during the American Revolutionary War were Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez. In recognition for his actions to the American cause, George Washington took him to his right in the parade of July 4 and the American Congress cited Gálvez for his aid during the Revolution.

4. Spain and the United States in the late 18th century • The United States' first ambassador to Spain was John Jay. • Some friendly ties were established: George Washington had established the United States’ mule-raising industry with high-quality mules sent to him by the King of Spain. •  Pinckney's Treaty, also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795.

5. 19th Century • New World • "Culturally, they misunderstood and distrusted each other", James W. Cortada has written. • Tensions continued throughout the 19th century. Isabella II of Spain, who reigned from 1833 to 1868, became a dominant figure in Spanish-American relations. • During the mid-nineteenth century, one American diplomat declared: • “You must treat Spain as you would a pretty woman with a bad temper. Firm and constant and unyielding in your purpose, but flexible and always flattering in form –watching her moods- taking advantages of her prejudices and passions to modify her conduct towards you... logic and sound policy will not guide her unless you take good care of the region of her sentiments first.” • Cuba: it was the issue of Cuba that dominated relations between Spain and the United States during this period.

6. Wars • The Spanish-American War began in April 1898. • Generation of 1989 • Spain was officially neutral during World War II. • This historic alliance commenced with the signing of the Pact of Madrid in 1953. • Spain was then admitted to the United Nations in 1955. • American President Richard Nixon toasted Franco, and, after Franco's death, stated: "General Franco was a loyal friend and ally of the United States.

7. Post-Franco Era •  1976, Spain and the United States signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (Tratado de Amistad y Cooperación), coinciding with the new political system in Spain, which became a constitutional monarchy under Juan Carlos I, with Carlos Arias Navarro as prime minister. • Charles III of Spain had ordered the founding of the town that became Los Angeles. • An Agreement on Defense Cooperation was signed by the two countries in 1989 (it was revised in 2003),

8. Present Day • In February 2010, Obama met with Zapatero at the United States Capitol a few days after Obama announced he would not attend the EU-U.S. summit in Madrid in May. Two weeks later, Obama met with King Juan Carlos I. Juan Carlos I was the first European head of state to meet with Obama in the White House, where he has met with John F. Kennedy in 1962, Gerald Ford in 1976, Ronald Reagan in 1987, and Bill Clinton in 1993

9. SPANGLISH

10. Spanglish • Mixture of languages • USA & Argentina • It is different in different places • Lacks uniformity • Not pidgin – informal

11. Spanglish • Code Switching • Borrowing • Parquear – to park • Actualmente – At present

12. Spanglish • Pochos! • Mocho! • Evolution! • Close border contact and large bilingual communities • Also in Gibraltar and Belize

13. Spanglish H.G.Wells- Twenty-First Century Prediction – English and Spanish = "become interchangeable languages".

14. Why Spanish is different than other languages in United States. • Strictly speaking, Spanish is not an immigrant language. It was here before English • New Mexico and in towns on the Mexican border, Spanish has been spoken continuously for hundreds of years. • Spanish has advantages : • The sheer size of the Spanish-speaking population worldwide, • The communications revolution • The emergence of a global economy • There are more opportunities to use the language and more economic incentives for retaining it.

15. Joseph Lo Bianco, an Australia-based expert who has studied the issue of languages internationally wrote about it: "It is for these reasons-proximity, globalization, and new economic structures-that I think Spanish will be very different in the U.S. from German and other languages of immigration“.

16. Immigration is the Key • Immigration is the single most important factor working in favor of Spanish in the United States. • Half of the 700,000 to one million legal immigrants who arrive annually come from Spanish-speaking countries. • The supply of newly arrived Spanish speakers will not dry up any time soon. • Although the U.S. Congress in 1996 passed the toughest immigration laws since the 1920s, legal immigration ceilings were not reduced at all. • Ifthe Hispanic presence in the United States continues to rise through immigration and high birth rates, there will be for sure, more calls for ending emigration.

17. Spanish population trends, especially in certain areas of the country, point to a long life for Spanish • Gene García of the University of California at Berkeley wrote that "In California, Latinos are growing twice as fast as whites,Thislatin population remains mostly first-generation immigrant...therefore, young children are likely to learn Spanish or become bilingual”, • Whether young children learn the language depends primarily on the family. • The parents has to consistently speak to him or her in Spanish in the home and to provide a variety of reading materials in that language.

18. Don’tletSpanish die • Another key factor in Spanish's long-term future here is the availability of programs to teach Spanish to native speakers. • Since the early 1980s, there has been a legislative and educational backlash against bilingual programs, which some say hinder learning. • In the United States, non-English languages always have existed alongside English, but their presence has been seen more as a temporary inconvenience than as a valuable national resource. • The attack on bilingual education continues to intensify. Ron Unz, an unsuccessful candidate for California's Republican gubernatorial nomination, was gathering signatures to place an initiative on the ballot to eliminate bilingual education.

19. The key to successfully teaching Spanish starts with valuing each student's dialect and working from there to develop skills for use in academic and professional settings. • Too often students have been told their Spanish is wrong, discouraging them from learning the language and in some schools, students have been punished for speaking Spanish in the classroom. • James L. Fidelholtz, a linguist at the Universidad Autónoma de Puebla in Mexico, says there are many reasons Spanish will survive, but cautions, "All this is not to say that the virtual extinction of Spanish in the U.S. is impossible...The best way to avoid this tragic fate...is to widely publicize the great and real benefits for all which bilingualism brings." • Perhaps the best answer to the question of Spanish's future in the United States is that it depends on us. • "As a general rule, a language will survive if the community that uses it cares enough to invest effort to maintain it.“ by Steve Schaufele.

20. References • http://www.languagepolicy.net/archives/Castro1.htm

21. El español en el sistema educativo estadounidense • EE.UU. nunca ha tenido una política lingüística establecida a nivel nacional, sino políticas o leyes lingüísticas puntuales • La Constitución de Estados Unidos hace de la educación una responsabilidad que depende de cada estado. No hay un sistema de educación centralizado

22. El español en el sistema educativo estadounidense • El español, hasta los años sesenta, estaba prohibido en la mayoría de las escuelas públicas de Estados Unidos. • Había una concepción negativa (y errónea) del bilingüismo • Resultado: un elevado porcentaje de abandono escolar entre la población hispana

23. El español en el sistema educativo estadounidense • Ley de Educación Bilingüe de 1968: • Se organizaron programas de educación bilingüe para mantener y desarrollar el español de los latinos, sobre todo en los estados del suroeste. • Estos proyectos fueron cancelados durante los ochenta por falta de fondos y por el giro político conservador

24. El español en el sistema educativo estadounidense • Movimiento English only: defensor del inglés como única lengua oficial. Discriminación del resto de lenguas • Movimiento English Plus: sigue defendiendo el aprendizaje del inglés, pero apoya la enseñanza y los derechos de otras lenguas habladas en EE.UU

25. El español en el sistema educativo estadounidense • La enseñanza del español a angloamericanos ha aumentado considerablemente. Es el idioma más estudiado en las universidades y representa la lengua extranjera con mayor número de alumnos • Aún así, sólo el seis por ciento de los estudiantes norteamericanos estudian más de dos años y las clases de español tienen la tasa más alta de deserción

26. El español en el sistema educativo estadounidense • El sistema educativo de EE.UU. todavía no es capaz de cubrir adecuadamente todas las necesidades de los estudiantes bilingües • No existe un plan estatal para desarrollar la competencia lingüística de los hispanohablantes • Existen asignaturas de español en institutos y universidades y programas bilingües en las escuelas elementales