Unit 3 Lesson 4

1. Unit 3 Lesson 4

2. Learning Objectives… • Student will be able to identify and define elements of race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality. There is a focus on the creation of space. • Elements of this presentation are taken heavily from Linda Hammond of Texas State University

3. Gender • Gender: “socially created-not biologically based-distinctions between femininity and masculinity” (Getis p. 253) • The roles that an individual is assigned influences how they are treated within a culture • Economics, religion, and custom influence the prestige of a woman • Decrease in agricultural role decreased opportunity/voice in society and custom • 20th century in industrialized world have women directly competed with men

4. Sexuality • Why does your textbook even talk about sexual identities? • Because it deals with creating space and spatial location • Gay Neighborhoods are an extension of space • Clustering of gays • Identity is extended through the neighborhoods of gays • Pride parades, businesses, etc. • Queer Theory: “appropriating a commonly used negative word in society and turning it to describe a theory that highlights the contextual nature of opposition to the heteronormative”

5. Race vs. Ethnicity • Ethnicity: “Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture” (Fouberg) • Cultural Factors • Distinctive cultural traits that are shared • National Identity • Race: “categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics” (Fouberg) • Biological Factors

6. Differentiating Ethnicity and Race • Often confusing • Race = traits that are shared genetically • Biological features within one racial group are highly variable. • Biological classification of people into distinct racial groups is meaningless and is the basis for racism. • Spatial effects or racism • “Separate but equal” • “White Flight” – segregation laws eliminated during 1950s/60s • Blockbusting • Apartheid in South Africa

7. Distribution of Ethnicities in the United States • Distribution of ethnicities in the United States • Hispanics (Latinos) = 15 percent of the U.S. population • African Americans = 13 percent of the U.S. population • Asian Americans = 4 percent of the U.S. population • American Indians = 1 percent of the U.S. population

8. African-American Migration Patterns • African American migration patterns • Three major migration patterns • Forced migration from Africa (eighteenth century) • The triangular slave trade • Immigration from the South to northern cities (first half of the twentieth century) • Identifiable paths of migration • Immigration out of inner cities to other urban areas (second half of the twentieth century to present) • The ghetto

9. African Americans in the U.S. The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

10. Hispanic Americans in the U.S. The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.

11. African Americans in the U.S. The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

12. Asian Americans in the U.S. The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

13. Native Americans in the U.S. The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.

14. Clustering of Ethnicities Clustering of ethnicities can occur on two scales • Particular regions of a country • Particular neighborhoods within a city

15. Regional Concentrations of Ethnicities African Americans – Southeast Hispanics – Southwest Asian – Americans – West American Indians – Southwest and Plains

16. Concentration of Ethnicities in Cities • Concentration of ethnicities in U.S. cities • 90 percent of African Americans and Hispanics live in cities • Remnants of twentieth-century European migration = still evident on the landscape • Example: clustering of restaurants in Little Italy, Greektown

17. Ethnicities in Chicago & Los Angeles African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

18. Ethnicities and Nations • A nation is DIFFERENT from a state. • Nation is a population represented from a single culture • Also seen as a cultural group • Common identity  Ethnicity • Ethnicity leads to a Nation • Will be discussed ad nauseum in Unit 4

19. Ethnicities Clash • Sometimes ethnicities are politically divided or grouped • Ebb and flow of acceptance • Typically economically associated • Better an economy the higher the acceptance