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A Brief History of Christianity to the 11 th Century

A Brief History of Christianity to the 11 th Century. HIST 3004 8/28/13. Roman Religion. Jupiter, Mars, and a temple to Augustus. Mystery Cults. Relief of Eleusinian rituals, a priestess of Isis, and Mithratic reliefs. Judaism. Monotheism Henotheism? Roman Persecution Messianism

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A Brief History of Christianity to the 11 th Century

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  1. A Brief History of Christianity to the 11th Century HIST 3004 8/28/13

  2. Roman Religion Jupiter, Mars, and a temple to Augustus

  3. Mystery Cults Relief of Eleusinian rituals, a priestess of Isis, and Mithratic reliefs

  4. Judaism • Monotheism • Henotheism? • Roman Persecution • Messianism • Conversion • The Septuagant 2nd century CE glass goblet

  5. Origins of Christianity – Messianism and Mystery Cults • Jesus of Nazareth (7-2 BCE – 30-36CE) • Reformist Jewish Rabbi • Crucifixion • Jesus Movement • Messiah • Trinity

  6. Origins of Christianity - Conversion • Apostles – Apostolic Age (ca. 33-100CE) • Saul (Paul) of Tarsus (5-67CE) • Reformist Jews vs. Conversion of Gentiles

  7. Origins of Christianity – Differentiation from Judaism • Jewish-Roman Wars (66-73, 115-117, and 132-135) • 70CE – Destruction of the Temple • Bar Kokhba Revolt • Still problems with Roman authorities…

  8. Early Christianity (before 325CE) • No centralized • leadership • Multiple sects • 5 Patriarchs • Rome • Constantinople • Antioch • Jerusalem • Alexandria Spread of Christianity: dark blue = before 325 light blue = 325-600

  9. Tetrarchy and Civil War • 293 – Emperor Diocletian divides the empire. • Two emperors and two junior emperors • Augustus and Caesar • 306-324 – Civil War over complex succession

  10. Imperial Christianity • Constantine the Great (r. 306-337) • 312 – Battle of Milvian Bridge • “In this sign, you shall conquer.” • 313 – Edict of Milan ends persecution of Christians • 324 – Constantine converts, moves capital to Constantinople

  11. Defining Christianity • 325 – First Council of Nicea • Nicean Creed • Christology • Arius (256-336) and the Arian Controversy • 380 – Edict of Thessalonica Nicean Christianity becomes state religion of Roman Empire • 451 – Council of Chalcedon • Monophysitism vs. dyophysitism

  12. 2 Empires – 2 Churches • 381 – First Council of Constantinople – Elevates Patriarch of Constantinople • Sees of Rome and Constantinople • 395 – Western and Eastern (Byzantine) Roman Empires • Byzantine Emperor and Patriarch of Constantinople

  13. Western Church • 476 – Fall of Western Empire • Bishop of Rome (Pope) last potential unifying force • Donation of Constantine • Dec. 25, 800 – Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne Emperor

  14. The Reality • Church relied on secular lords for land, financial support, and security. • Secular lords relied on church for political support. • In Germany, emperor appointed church officials. • “Most knights scrupulously observed the rites of religion. They were, however, little troubled by Christian ethics.”

  15. Monasticism • Spiritual athletes • Religious professionals removed from the world • The Benedictine Rule: • Govern the behavior of monks living in monasteries. • Balance of work and devotion. • Obligations of celibacy, poverty, and obedience to the abbot. • Regular clergy: living apart from society. Benedict of Nursira (ca. 480-547)

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