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Europe and Christendom before the Crusades and a Brief History of Islam before the 11 th Century

Europe and Christendom before the Crusades and a Brief History of Islam before the 11 th Century. HIST 3004 9/4/13. Monasticism. Spiritual athletes Religious professionals removed from the world The Benedictine Rule: Govern the behavior of monks living in monasteries.

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Europe and Christendom before the Crusades and a Brief History of Islam before the 11 th Century

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  1. Europe and Christendom before the Crusades and a Brief History of Islam before the 11th Century HIST 3004 9/4/13

  2. Monasticism • Spiritual athletes • Religious professionals removed from the world • The Benedictine Rule: • Govern the behavior of monks living in monasteries. • Balance of work and devotion. • Obligations of celibacy, poverty, and obedience to the abbot. • Regular clergy: living apart from society. Benedict of Nursira (ca. 480-547)

  3. Cluny Abbey • Cluny: Benedictine abbey in eastern France • Founded in 910, free from secular and papal authority. • Donation from William I, Duke of Aquitaine • Center of reform movement. • Authority over all other Benedictine abbeys.

  4. The Roman Empire

  5. The Tetrarchy

  6. Germanic Migrations

  7. Divided Western Europe

  8. Manors and Serfs • Manors: Self-sufficient land • holdings • Serfs: Unfree peasants, • exchange labor on manors for • military protection. Early 15th century representation of a French Manor

  9. Feudalism • Network of obligation • Titles to lands exchanged • for military service and loyalty • Payment of the military • and government officials through sources of wealth • instead of money. Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne

  10. Carolingians (751-ca. 888) • Charles Martel (737-741) • Battle of Tours (732) • Pepin (751-768) • Deposes Merovingian • kings with support of • Pope Zachary

  11. Charlemagne (r. 768-814) • Donation of • Constantine • Dec. 25th, 800: • Pope Leo III • crowns • Charlemagne • Emperor of Rome

  12. Holy Roman Empire • 962: Otto I, first non-Carolingian • Holy Roman Emperor, crowned • by Hildebert, Archbishop of • Mainz

  13. Investiture Controversy • Who has the right to appoint clergy? Lay lords or the Pope. • Simony • Gregory VII (r. 1073-1085): Reformist pope, assert church authority • Excommunication of Henry IV • Conquest of Rome and establishment of counter pope

  14. Peace and Truce of God • Attempt to limit violence • Protect non-combatants • Preserve Sundays and holy days • Attempt to exert control over lay leaders • Threats of excommunication

  15. The Origins of Islam • 610 CE: Muhammad receives first revelations from Jibrail • 622 CE: Hijra and foundation of the first Muslim community • 632 CE: Death of Muhammad • Codification of the Qur’an • Spread of Islam Muhammad and Jibrail

  16. The Rise of Islam • When we say “the Rise of Islam,” what exactly are we referring to? • A religion… • A state… • A culture… • All of the above… The Great Umayyad Mosque of Damascus

  17. Islam, the religion • Monotheism • Shahada: lā ‘ilāha ‘illaAllāh • Abrahamic Religions A gold dinar minted in 696 in Damascus; mihrabin Mosque of IbnTulun, Cairo, 1177; flag of Saudi Arabia

  18. Abraham, Muhammad, and the Kaʿbah Destruction of idols from 11th century manuscript; Muhammad at the Kaʿbah from a 14th century Ottoman manuscript

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