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Outline of The Sun (Ch. 10) (Not exactly like the book)

Explore the composition and surface temperature of the Sun, as well as its interior structure and energy sources. Learn about the Sun's atmosphere, including the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. Discover the fascinating phenomena of solar activity, such as sunspots, prominences, and solar flares. This outline provides a comprehensive overview of the Sun's characteristics and processes.

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Outline of The Sun (Ch. 10) (Not exactly like the book)

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  1. Outline of The Sun (Ch. 10)(Not exactly like the book) The Solar Spectrum: Sun’s composition and surface temperature Sun’s Interior: Energy source,energy transport, structure, helioseismology. Sun’s Atmosphere: Photosphere, chromosphere, corona Solar Activity: Sunspots, solar magnetism, solar cycle, prominences and flares.

  2. Ch. 10 HW has been assigned and is due next Monday March 28

  3. I. Solar Spectrum: Composition and Surface Temperature

  4. 76 22

  5. I. Solar Spectrum: How do we know the composition of the Sun? How do we measure the composition of stars?

  6. I. Solar Spectrum: How do we know the composition of the Sun? What type of Spectrum is this?

  7. Surface Temperature: approximately 5,800 K How do we know this? Name two methods to determine the temperature of stars?

  8. Solar Spectrum: Composition and Surface Temperature

  9. Outline of The Sun (Ch. 10) The Solar Spectrum: Sun’s composition and surface temperature Sun’s Interior: Energy source,energy transport, structure, helioseismology. Sun’s Atmosphere: Photosphere, chromosphere, corona Solar Activity: Sunspots, solar magnetism, solar cycle, prominences and flares.

  10. Question 1 What is the source of the Sun’s energy? a) Chemical reactions b) Gravitational contraction c) Nuclear fission (like in nuclear power plants) d) Nuclear fusion

  11. Is it on FIRE?

  12. Is it on FIRE? Chemical Energy Content ~ 10,000 years Luminosity

  13. How old is the Sun?

  14. How old is the Sun? about 4.6x109 years

  15. Is it on FIRE? … NO! Chemical Energy Content ~ 10,000 years Luminosity

  16. Is it CONTRACTING?

  17. Is it CONTRACTING? Gravitational Potential Energy ~ 25 million years Luminosity

  18. Is it CONTRACTING? … NO! Gravitational Potential Energy ~ 25 million years Luminosity

  19. E = mc2 - Einstein, 1905

  20. Is it powered by NUCLEAR ENERGY? Nuclear Potential Energy (core) ~ 10 billion years Luminosity

  21. Is it powered by NUCLEAR ENERGY? … YES! Nuclear Potential Energy (core) ~ 10 billion years Luminosity

  22. How old is the Sun? about 4.6 billion yearsAbout how many more years of fuel does the Sun have?

  23. Question 1 What is the source of the Sun’s energy? a) Chemical reactions b) Gravitational contraction c) Nuclear fission (like in nuclear power plants) d) Nuclear fusion

  24. Fusion Small nuclei stick together to make a bigger one (Sun, stars) Fission Big nucleus splits into smaller pieces (Nuclear power plants)

  25. Hydrogen Fusion into Helium in the Sun’s Core 4 protons  one Helium nucleus + Energy

  26. Hydrogen Fusion into Helium in the Sun’s Core 4 protons  one helium nucleus + Energy The mass of the four protons is higher than that of the helium nucleus where did the missing mass go?

  27. Hydrogen Fusion into Helium in the Sun’s Core 4 protons  one helium nucleus + Energy The mass of the four protons is higher than that of the helium nucleus where did the missing mass go? The mass became energy, and E=mc2 so a little mass can produce a lot of energy

  28. Proton-proton chain is how hydrogen fuses into helium in Sun

  29. • Sun’s interior

  30. Core: Energy generated by nuclear fusion

  31. Radiation Zone: Energy transported upward by photons

  32. Convection Zone: Energy transported upward by rising hot gas

  33. In the Sun, gravity is balanced by outward pressure (due to the outflow of energy)

  34. What if Lucius Malfoy wanted to freeze the Earth by decreasing the energy from the Sun?

  35. Solar Thermostat Temperature Decreases Temperature Restored Fusion Rate Decreases Core compresses

  36. What if Lucius Malfoy wanted to burn the Earth by increasing the energy from the Sun?

  37. Solar Thermostat Temperature Increases Temperature Restored Fusion Rate Increases Core expands

  38. In the Sun, gravity is balanced by outward pressure (due to the outflow of energy)

  39. By studying the motion of the Sun’s surface we can learn about its interior in a similar way to the study of Earthquakes. Helioseismology

  40. What have we learned? • How does the solar thermostat work? • There is a equilibrium between gravity and energy outflow……. • How does the energy from fusion get out of the Sun? • Energy is produces in the core by nuclear fusion and it gets radiated outward. The convection zone carries energy the rest of the way to the photosphere, where it is radiated into space as sunlight. • How do we know what is happening inside the Sun? • Helioseismology and other techniques

  41. Outline of The Sun (Ch. 10) The Solar Spectrum: Sun’s composition and surface temperature Sun’s Interior: Energy source,energy transport, structure, helioseismology. Sun’s Atmosphere: Photosphere, chromosphere, corona Solar Activity: Sunspots, solar magnetism, solar cycle, prominences and flares.

  42. Photosphere: Visible surface of Sun T ~ 5,800 K

  43. Chromosphere: Middle layer of solar atmosphere

  44. Corona: Outermost layer of solar atmosphere

  45. Solar Granulation in the Photosphere

  46. Convection (rising hot gas) takes energy to surface

  47. Cloud tops on Earth

  48. Sunspots

  49. Sunspots and Solar Rotation

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