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The Internet

The Internet. 9.1:Introduction 9.2:IP datagrams 9.3:Fragmentation and reassembly 9.4:IP address 9.5:ARP and RARP 9.6:Routing algorithms 9.7:ICMP 9.8:QOS support 9.9:The PPP link layer protocol 9.10:IPv6 9.11:IPv6/IPv4 interoperability. 9.1:Introduction.

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The Internet

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  1. The Internet 9.1:Introduction 9.2:IP datagrams 9.3:Fragmentation and reassembly 9.4:IP address 9.5:ARP and RARP 9.6:Routing algorithms 9.7:ICMP 9.8:QOS support 9.9:The PPP link layer protocol 9.10:IPv6 9.11:IPv6/IPv4 interoperability

  2. 9.1:Introduction

  3. MTU => maximum transmission unit • ARP:address resolution protocol • OSPF:open shortest path first • ICMP:internet control message protocol • IGMP:internet group management protocol

  4. 9.2:IP datagrams • IPv4 =>IP version 4

  5. 9.3:Fragmentation and reassembly • If the size of a packet is greater than the MTU => router or gateway divides the information received in the packet into a number of smaller blocks knows as fragments • Fig 9.4

  6. 9.4:IP address • Address class

  7. An address with a hostid of all 0s is used to refer to the network in the netid part rather than a host • An address with a netid of all 0s implies the same network as the source network/netid • An address of all 1s means broadcast the packet over the source network • An address with a hostid of all 1s means broadcast the packet over the destination network in the netid part • A class A address with a netid of all 1s is used for test purposes within the protocol stack of the source host.It is loopback address

  8. 9.4.1:Subnets

  9. 9.5:ARP and RARP • 9.5.1: ARP • Each host are two address :IP address and its MAC address which, since it is assign to the MAC integrated circuit when it is manufactured, is known also as the physical address • Fig 9.7 • 9.5.2: RARP

  10. 9.5.3:ARP/RARP message formats and transmission

  11. 9.6:Routing algorithms

  12. 9.6.1:Static routing

  13. 9.6.2:Flooding

  14. 9.6.3:Distance vector routing

  15. 9.6.4:Link-state shortest-path-first routing • Link-state algorithm • Fig 9.14 • Dijkstra shortest-path-first algorithm • Fig 9.15 • Fig 9.16 • Fig 9.17

  16. 9.6.5:Hierarchical routing • Subnet router:this is a router that operates entirely within a single network when subnetting is being used • Access gateway:this is used to connect an access network to an interior gateway • Interior gateway:this is a router that is used to interconnect the networks within an autonomous system • Exterior gateway:this is a router that is used to connect an autonomous system to the core backbone network

  17. Border gateway protocol

  18. 9.6.6:Classes inter-domain routing

  19. 9.6.7:Tunneling

  20. 9.6.8:Broadcast routing • Limited broadcast:this is used to send a copy of a packet to the IP in all the hosts that are attached to the same LAN segment or bridged LAN • Subnet-directed broadcast:this is used to send a copy of a packet to the IP in all the host that are attached to the subnet specified in the destination IP address • Net-directed broadcast:this is used to send a copy of a packet to the IP in all the host that are attached to the network specified in the netid part of the destination IP address

  21. Reverse path forwarding

  22. Spanning tree broadcast

  23. 9.6.9:Multicast routing • Multicast over a LAN

  24. Multicast over the Internet • A router that can route packet containing a IP multicast address is known as a multicast router • In the cast of a network that comprises multiple subnets interconnected by subnet routers, a single subnet router also acts as the mrouter for the network • Each mrouter learns the set of multicast group addresses of which all the hosts attached to the networks which the mrouter serves are currently members • The information gathered by each mrouter is passed on to each of the other mrouters so thst each knows the complete list of group addresses that each mrouter has an interest in

  25. DVMRP

  26. MOSPF

  27. 9.6.10:IGMP

  28. 9.7:IGMP • Error reporting • Reachability testing • Congestion control • Route-change notification • Performance measuring • Subnet addressing • Fig 9.27

  29. 9.8:QOS support • 9.8.1:Integrated services • 9.8.2:Differentiated services

  30. 9.8.1:Integrated services • Guaranteed:a specified maximum delay and jitter and an assured level of bandwidth are guaranteed • Control load:the flow obtains a constant level of service equivalent to that obtained with the best effort service at light loads • Best effort

  31. Token bucket filter:A portion of bandwidth of the outgoing line and an amount of buffer space is reserved for the packet flow relating to each call. This is used to enforce these allocations so that the guaranteed QOS requirements in terms of bandwidth,delay and jitter are met. • Weighted fair queuing:ensure the delay bounds for each flow are met the guaranteed bounds • Random early detection:when a packet arrives for an output queue and the queue is full,instead of discarding the packet, a packet that is already in the queue is randomly selected for discarding • Resource reservation protocol(Fig 9.28)

  32. 9.8.2:Differentiated services • Individual flows are not identified and instead the individual flows in each services class are aggregated together • Diffserv network the type of service field in the IP packet header is replaced by a new field call DS field • DSCP:used to enable each router to determined the traffic class to which the packet data relates and the output queue into which the packet should be put • Fig 9.28 b • PHB(per hop behavior):queue schedule procedure relating to each queue

  33. 9.9:The PPP link layer protocol

  34. 9.10:IPv6 • A much increased address space from 32 bits to 128 bits • Hierarchical address to reduce the size of the routing tables associated with the routers in the core backbone network • A simplified header to enable routers and gateways to process and route packets faster • The introduction of improved security and data integrity features including authentication and encryption • An autoconfiguration facility that enables a host to obtain an IP address via the network without human intervention • Header quality of service quarantees by means of the preferential treatment by routers of the packets associated with interactive and multimedia application relative to those relating to traditional applications such as email and file transfers • Support for mobile computing by the use of autoconfiguration to obtain an IP address dynamically via network for the duration of a call

  35. 9.10.1Datagram format

  36. 9.10.2:Address structure • Unicast address • Multicast address • Anycast address • Fig 9.31

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