Political Developments in Ireland in the 20th Century

1. Political Developments in Ireland in the 20th Century 20 Towards an Independent Ireland, 1900–22 • WHAT YOU WILL LEARN • At the end of this chapter you should understand ... • The different political groups in early 20th-century Ireland. • The events of the Home Rule Crisis, 1912–14.

2. Political Groups in early 20th-century Ireland NATIONALISTS … wanted changes in the way Ireland was ruled. They wanted some form of self-government, with a parliament in Dublin. British rule in Ireland King House of Lords Lord Lieutenant House of Commons UNIONISTS … wanted to keep the system as it was, with a parliament in Westminster making laws for Ireland. Chief Secretary Irish Lords and MPs How did Britain rule Ireland in the early 20th century?

3. Political Groups in early 20th-century Ireland Nationalists Irish Parliamentary Party/Home Rule Party Irish Republican Brotherhood Sinn Féin

4. Political groups in early 20th-century Ireland Cultural Nationalism GAA Gaelic League Anglo-Irish Literary Revival What role did each of the above play in Ireland in the early 20th century?

5. Political groups in early 20th-century Ireland Unionists Reasons for Unionism Unionist Party Fear of discrimination under HR Danger to Belfast’s industries Carson Craig Why were Unionists opposed to Home Rule?

6. Political Groups in early 20th-century Ireland The Labour Movement Downfall of the King ITGWU Irish Citizen Army Irish Labour Party Dublin Strike and Lockout Connolly Larkin What caused the Dublin Strike and Lockout?

7. Steps to a Crisis • Conservative Party • Liberal Party • Parliament Act 1911 • Third Home Rule Bill 1912 • A parliament in Dublin for internal affairs • The parliament in Westminster for external affairs The Home Rule Crisis, 1912–14

8. Unionist Opposition The Home Rule Crisis, 1912–14 • Steps to a Crisis • Conservative Party • Liberal Party • Parliament Act 1911 • Third Home Rule Bill 1912 • A parliament in Dublin for internal affairs • The parliament in Westminster for external affairs How strong was Unionist opposition to the Third Home Rule Bill?

9. The Home Rule Crisis, 1912–14 Nationalist Reaction • ‘The North Began’ • The Irish Volunteers • Howth gun-running/Asgard • Threat of civil war How effective was the nationalist reaction?

10. Nationalist Split Reaction to World War I Unionists • NATIONAL VOLUNTEERS • Followed John Redmond • Supported Irishmen fighting abroad • About 110,000 • Win Home Rule after the war • IRISH VOLUNTEERS • Followed Eoin MacNeill • Opposed Irishmen fighting abroad • About 10,000 • Defend Ireland at home Duty Maintain union Protect empire

11. Western Front • Battle of the Somme • Battles of Ypres • Gallipoli • Regiments • Royal Munster Fusiliers • Irish Guards • Royal Dublin Fusiliers • 36th Ulster Division • 30,000–50,000 dead • War at Sea • War in the Air Ireland in World War I What part did Irish soldiers play in World War I?

12. Planning the Rising • A countrywide rising • IRB • Military Council • Arms from Germany • Casement • Aud • Irish Volunteers • Castle Document The 1916 Rising • The Plans go wrong • Aud • Casement • Forgery • Cancelled manoeuvres • Easter Monday • Largely a Dublin rising

13. The 1916 Rising What were the main points of the 1916 Proclamation?

14. What were the main features of the Rising? The 1916 Rising Marlborough Barracks GPO HQ Royal Barracks Four Courts River Liffey Islandbridge Barracks Mendicity Institute Dublin Castle Boland’s Mills St Stephen’s Green Jacob’s Factory South Dublin Union Curragh Beggars Bush Barracks Wellington Barracks Kingstown (Dun Laoghaire) Grand Canal Portobello Barracks British Barracks British military cordon Rebel positions Railway lines

15. The 1916 Rising Outnumbered Greater British firepower Bad tactics No support from people Why did the Rising fail? Confined to Dublin Was the Rising a military failure, but a political success?

16. The 1916 Rising Death and destruction Military in control Reaction of the people Rise of Sinn Féin The Results of the Rising Changing attitudes of the people Executions

17. The Rise of Sinn Féin Why did Sinn Féin’s popularity increase?

18. The Independence Struggle, 1919–21 Passive resistance War of Independence The first Dáil Guerrilla warfare Sinn Féin government

19. Nationalist Reaction The War of Independence • RIC • Michael Collins • Intelligence war • The Squad • Flying columns • Tom Barry, Liam Lynch, Ernie O’Malley • Ambushes • Kilmichael, Crossbarry How successful was the IRA campaign against Britain?

20. The War of Independence British Response • Black and Tans – ex-soldiers • Auxiliaries – ex-officers • Reprisals • Balbriggan, Cork City • Government of Ireland Act 1920 How successful was the British response against the IRA?

21. The War of Independence Balbriggan Tuam Dublin 2 Ennistymon Mallow Cork 1 4 3 Casualties due to IRA violence, 1920–22 Border between North and South after Government of Ireland Act 1920 Most Incidents in the War of Independence 1 The burning of Cork City 2 The attack on the Custom House, Dublin 3 Ambush at Kilmichael, Co. Cork 4 Ambush at Crossbarry, Co. Cork What were the main incidents of the War of Independence? Least Raids by Black and Tans or Auxiliaries

22. The War of Independence IRA short of men and ammunition People wanted peace Conditions for Peace The cost of the war British government criticised

23. Sinn Féin delegation British delegation The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 1921 David Lloyd George Winston Churchill Austen Chamberlain Lord Birkenhead Arthur Griffith Michael Collins Robert Barton Eamonn Duggan George Gavan Duffy Delegates To achieve a republic To keep Ireland in the British Commonwealth Aims No border/partition between North and South/ United Ireland

24. The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 1921 Irish Free State Dominion of the British Commonwealth Oath of Allegiance Boundary Commission Terms of the A-I Treaty 3 Treaty ports for Britain

25. Treaty Debates The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 1921 Who were the main speakers for and against the Anglo-Irish Treaty?

26. Differences over Treaty Takeover of Barracks The Irish Civil War Capture of Free State general by Republicans in Four Courts Takeover of Four Courts by Anti-Treaty side Causes General Election results

27. Attack by Free State (government) troops Sea landings by Free State (government) troops The Irish Civil War Béal na mBláth, where Michael Collins was killed Limerick-Waterford line Northern Ireland Sligo Galway Dublin Thurles Limerick Fenit Tralee Waterford ’MUNSTER REPUBLIC’ Youghal Cork Union Hall What were the main features of the fighting in the Irish Civil War?

28. The Irish Civil War Death and destruction Bitterness Majority opinion Political parties Results Lost leaders