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The Holocaust and Europe’s Jews

The Holocaust and Europe’s Jews. Rebecca Margolis Mini Course, University of Ottawa 2011 Course website: http://holocaustmini-course.yolasite.com /. Timeline. 1933: Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany 1933: Dachau = 1 st concentration camp

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The Holocaust and Europe’s Jews

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  1. The Holocaust and Europe’s Jews Rebecca Margolis Mini Course, University of Ottawa 2011 Course website: http://holocaustmini-course.yolasite.com/

  2. Timeline • 1933: Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany • 1933: Dachau = 1st concentration camp • 1934: Hitler declared Führer; totalitarian regime • 1933-1939: campaign to make Germany “Judenrein” (500,000 Jews) • 1938: annexation of Austria, Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) (+200,000 Jews under German control) • September 1939: invasion of Poland, World War II (+ 2.3 million Jews under German control) • 1939-1942: creation of Jewish ghettos, mobile killing units • June, 1941: German invasion of Soviet Union • December, 1941: Japanese attack on of Pearl Harbor, U.S. entry into war • 1941-1942 creation of death camps in Poland • Jan.1, 1942: Wannsee Conference: “Final Solution” • Summer 1944: Soviets take Poland| liberation of death camps • 1945: VE Day| Dropping of atomic bomb on Hiroshima & Nagasaki, VJ Day

  3. Nazi camps, 1943-44 (www.ushmm.org)

  4. Holocaust survivors • Total losses under Nazis: 6 million Jews / ~50-70 million casualties of war • Jewish survivors: 900,000 sheltered + 1.5 million under Nazi rule • State of Israel, May 1948: ~170,000 Jewish DPs by 1953 • United States: 1945 loosening of quotas  28,000 Jews/ 40,000 DPs; 1949-52: 68,000/400,000 DPs • Canada: 1948-1956: 35-40,000 Jewish displaced persons/survivors

  5. Activities of Holocaust survivors • 1970s: increased activity • Commemoration: memorial events, museums • Activism (example: German neo-Nazi, Ernst Zundel, Toronto) • Writing of memoirs • Public speaking

  6. Holocaust testimony Forms of testimony • Written memoirs • Live testimony • Filmed testimony (example: Spielberg Foundation: http://dornsife.usc.edu/vhi/) What is the importance of Holocaust testimony?

  7. Alex Levin • Born Joshua Levin in Rokitno, Poland, 1932 (~2,000 Jews); happy childhood • Soviet occupation 1939–1941 • Nazi entry, August 1941; creation of Jewish ghetto • Massacre of town’s Jews, August 1942; escape with brother • Hiding in forest • Emergence from forest, January 1944 • Joined Soviet field hospital; Soviet military career • Immigration to Canada, 1975

  8. David Shentow • Born April 29, 1925, Warsaw, Poland • Grew up in Antwerp, Belgium; happy childhood • German invasion, May, 1940 • Deported to work camp in France, August 1942 • Aushwitz, September 1942 • Death march, Summer 1944 to Kutno, Poland, then Dachau • Liberation, April 29, 1945 • Arrival in Toronto, 1948

  9. Factors in survival • Location • Age, gender • Skills • Resilience, resourcefulness • Belief in God • Childhood/previous life • Help from other Jews • Help from non-Jews • Luck

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