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To provide the energy for nearly all life

To provide the energy for nearly all life. processes (such as synthesizing biomolecules, active transport, cell division, movement, etc.). The energy comes from foods. such as glucose, and prior to that, from the sun for photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 12H2O + solar energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O.

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To provide the energy for nearly all life

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  1. To provide the energy for nearly all life processes (such as synthesizing biomolecules, active transport, cell division, movement, etc.) The energy comes from foods such as glucose, and prior to that, from the sun for photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 12H2O + solar energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 2ATP --> 38ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O They are linked as a cycle. The products of one reaction are the reactants of the other.

  2. What is ATP????? A modified ribonucleotide

  3. Glucose - consumed as food and digested, brought to cells by blood Oxygen - inhaled into the lungs, brought to cells by hemoglobin in blood ATP - 2 energy molecules already available in the cells To generate ATP Anaerobic respiration and fermentation Phosphorylation

  4. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 2ATP --> 38ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O

  5. If all the energy in glucose were released at once, it would be wasted. Most of the energy would be lost all at once as heat, burning up the cell. Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain Cytoplasm Mitochondria

  6. The matrix of the mitochondria The cristae of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

  7. Glycolysis Glyco = sugar lysis = to split or break - Occurs in the cytoplasm - Does not require oxygen Input: 1 glucose 2 ATP Output: 2 pyruvate 2 NADH 4 ATP

  8. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation - ATP generated during 
glycolysis is formed by 
substrate-level 
phosphorylation - A high energy "donor" 
molecule directly transfers a 
phosphate group to ADP, 
forming ATP - Usually occurs with the 
help of an enzyme - Does not require an H+ gradient or ATP Synthase

  9. http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/
animation__how_glycolysis_works.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/
animation__how_glycolysis_works.html

  10. Oxidation of Pyruvate - If oxygen is present, 
pyruvate will continue to be 
broken down - Before pyruvate can enter 
the Krebs Cycle, it is 
oxidized into acetyl CoA

  11. Oxidation of Pyruvate - Pyruvate loses a carbon (leaves as CO2) - The broken bond is used to 
reduce NAD+ to NADH (charges up the molecule with 
two high energy electrons) - The remaining two carbons 
from the pyruvate bond to 
coenzyme A creating acetyl 
CoA - This happens to each 
pyruvate

  12. Simple Oxidation of Pyruvate and Krebs Cycle

  13. Krebs Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle) Input: 2 acetyl CoA Output: 4 CO2 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072507470/student
_view0/chapter25/animation__how
_the_krebs_cycle_works__quiz_1
_.html

  14. Simple Oxidation of Pyruvate and Krebs Cycle

  15. Electron Transport Chain Input: 10 NADH 2 FADH2 6 O2 Output: 32 ATP 6 H2O

  16. Electron Transport Chain INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+ H+ H+ FADH2 ADP + Pi NAD 2e- + O + 2H+ --> H2O http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__electron_transport_system
_and_atp_synthesis__quiz_2_.html http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/etc/movie-flash.htm

  17. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 2ATP --> 38ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O Glycolysis - cytoplasm Oxidation of pyruvate - mitochondrial matrix Kreb's Cycle - mitochondrial matrix Electron Transport Chain - cristae of mitochondrial inner membrane

  18. Glycolysis Glucose 2 ATP 2 NADH 4 ATP 2 Pyruvate 2 CO2 exit as by-product and 2 NADH are produced

  19. Kreb's Cycle CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate NADH NAD+ NAD+ CO2 NADH H2O FADH2 NAD+ FAD2+ NADH CO2 ATP ADP + Pi

  20. Electron Transport Chain NADH FADH2 2e- + O + 2H+ Outer membrane Inner membrane H+ ATP Synthase ATP Chemiosmotic

  21. The set of reactions that require oxygen to break down pyruvate to generate ATP The fluid and space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondrion The biochemical pathway that breaks down 2 acetyl CoA to produce 4CO2, 2ATP, 6NADH, and 2FADH2 flavine adenine dinucleotide; a molecule that accepts electrons during redox reactions; FAD is the oxidized form

  22. B C A D C

  23. NADH; 3 NADH are produced in each turn making a total of 6 per glucose The electron transport chain reactions C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 2ATP --> 38ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O The folding of the inner membrane provides a large surface area for the molecules of the electron transport chain. The area between the inner and outer membranes provides a confined space in which protons can accumulate, driving chemiosmosis.

  24. Electron Transport Chain INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+ H+ H+ FADH2 ADP + Pi NAD 2e- + O + 2H+ --> H2O

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