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brain (hypothalamus)

Learn about the levels of hormones in the brain (hypothalamus), pituitary, and endocrine organs of the body. Explore the functions and effects of various hormones such as TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, OT, and ADH. Understand the importance of balanced hormone levels for overall health and homeostasis.

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brain (hypothalamus)

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  1. levels of hormones brain (hypothalamus) pituitary (pituitary level) endocrine organs (body-level) tissues

  2. levels of hormones brain (hypothalamus) pituitary (pituitary level) endocrine organs (body-level) tissues

  3. brain (hypothalamus) pituitary (pituitary level) endocrine organs (body-level) tissues

  4. brain (hypothalamus) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) pituitary (pituitary level) endocrine organs (body-level) tissues

  5. FSH – Follicle-stimulating hormone LH – luteinizing hormone ACTH – Adrenocorticotropic hormone TSH – Thyroid-stimulating hormone GH – growth hormone PRL -- prolactin OT -- oxytocin ADH – antidiuretic hormone

  6. FSH – Follicle-stimulating hormone LH – luteinizing hormone ACTH – Adrenocorticotropic hormone TSH – Thyroid-stimulating hormone GH – growth hormone PRL – prolactin OT -- oxytocin ADH – antidiuretic hormone TROPIC hormones (they activate some other endocrine gland have effect on other body tissues (not directly on other endocrine glands from the posterior pituitary

  7. brain (hypothalamus) pituitary (pituitary level) endocrine organs (body-level) tissues

  8. thyroxin • thyroid gland releases thyroxin • thyroxin causes most tissues to increase their metabolic rate

  9. TSH • to make this happen, ant.pit. releases TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone

  10. to make this happen, the hypothalamus releases TRH

  11. what induces the hypothalmus to release TRH?

  12. needed for muscle contraction, fluid balance, many reactions all over body needed for strong and resilient bones, joints, teeth calcium in bloodstream calcium in bones

  13. needed for muscle contraction, fluid balance, many reactions all over body needed for strong and resilient bones, joints, teeth calcium in bloodstream calcium in bones • too much: bone overgrowth, bone spurs • too little: osteoporosis, brittle and fragile bones • too much: kidney stones, fluid imbalance • too little: weakness, unable to do muscular actions, shock and possible coma • skeleton is like a bank • when more calcium is needed in bloodstream, some bone is dissolved • this calcium circulates through the bloodstream • BALANCED against each other • homeostasis – NOT constant!

  14. bones blood blood bones • PTH (parathyroid hormone) • from parathyroid gland • in response to low blood Ca2+ levels • (“get some Ca2+ from the bank”) • calcitonin • from thyroid gland • in response to HIGH blood Ca2+ levels • (“put some Ca2+ IN the bank.”)

  15. two very different parts of the adrenal gland adrenal cortex (outside) secretes cortisol, aldosterone, other hormones adrenal medulla (inside) connected directly to nerve fibers from the hypothalamus secretes adrenalin and noradrenalin

  16. acromegaly • due to excess GH production • when that GH overproduction begins AFTER adulthood • disproportionate growth of: • skull (mostly jaw) • fingers + hands • feet + toes • not much in the long bones

  17. exophthalmia protruding eyes hypersecretion of thyroxine increased pressure on eyes note neck scar from thyroidectomy

  18. hyperthyroidism • increased pulse • excess perspiration • high BMR • shortness of breath • weight loss • flushed appearance • exophthalmia • nervous, anxious, restless • insomnia • tremors

  19. Hypothyroidism • aka myxedema • if low thyroxin in adult • low BMR • lethargy • dry brittle hair • impaired memory • thick tongue • slow speech • voice deep and coarese • diminshished perspiration • reddened cheeks • megaloglossia • increased pigment elbows/knees

  20. usually.... • thyroid makes thyroxine • when thyroxine level too low, body signals thyroid gland to make more • but with goiter • thyroid can’t make thyroxine for some reason • but body is still telling thyroid to make more • therefore thyroid enlarges

  21. cretinism • lack of thyroxine from birth • or before birth • could be from lack of thyroid gland • or lack of iodine in mother • severe and irreparable mental defects • stunted growth • reduced growth and function of many organs

  22. Three different control mechanisms for Hormones 1. feedback inhibition 2. releasing/inhibiting 3. pulsed release B A A A A A C B C C C C A releases C B inhibits C “A” leads to “B” which leads to “C” “C” inhibits “A” A pulses out hormone hormone naturally breaks down over time then A pulses out more hormone

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