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Chapter Twenty-Five

Chapter Twenty-Five. World War II, 1941–1945. Part One:. Introduction. Chapter Focus Questions . What events led to Pearl Harbor and the declaration of war? How were national resources marshaled for war? What characterized American society during wartime?

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Chapter Twenty-Five

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  1. Chapter Twenty-Five World War II, 1941–1945

  2. Part One: Introduction

  3. Chapter Focus Questions • What events led to Pearl Harbor and the declaration of war? • How were national resources marshaled for war? • What characterized American society during wartime? • How were Americans mobilized into the armed forces? • How was the war pursued in Europe and Asia? • How did the atomic bomb affect diplomacy?

  4. Part Two: Los Alamos, New Mexico

  5. Los Alamos • The Manhattan Project . • Los Alamos. • Secrecy from the outside world. • J. Robert Oppenheimer.

  6. Part Three: The Coming of World War II

  7. The Shadows of War • Great Depression • Breakdown of political order. • Militaristic authoritarian regimes • Japan, Italy, and Germany • Manchuria, China. • Ethiopia. • Czechoslovakia.

  8. American Opinion on the European War • Media: Gallup Polls

  9. Isolationism • WWI seen as mistake. • College protested war. • Neutrality Acts. • “America First” • FDR: military preparedness

  10. FIGURE 25.1b Gallup Polls: European War and World War I, 1938–1940

  11. Roosevelt Readies for War • Poland, 1939. • Blitzkrieg : • Denmark • Norway • Belgium • France. • FDR pushed for military money. • Third term—expansion.. • Atlantic Charter.

  12. Pearl Harbor • The Japanese threats. • FDR cut off trade. • Pearl Harbor. • War.

  13. Part Four: Arsenal of Democracy

  14. Mobilizing for War • Mobilization laws. • Office of War Information. • New Deal agencies vanished.

  15. Organizing the Economy • US industrial capacity. • Civilian firms converted. • Unprecedented economic boom. • Western and Southern firms benefit. • Farm profited, but small farms disappeared. • Chart: Effects of War Spending

  16. New Workers • Labor demand. • Female workers. • Workers’ wages went up.

  17. Wartime Strikes • Prior to war, militant unions struck. • During war: • no-strike pledges • Increased membership and won benefits • African-American membership doubled. • Federal antistrike legislation.

  18. Part Five: The Home Front

  19. Families in Wartime • Marriage rates up. • Housing shortage. • One-parent households. • Child-care issues. • Juvenile crime. • Dropout rates. • Public health improved.

  20. The Internment of Japanese Americans • 112,000 Japanese interned; • SCOTUS upheld policy. • 1988 , Congress voted for reparations and apologized.

  21. “Double V”: Victory at Home & Abroad • “Double V”: • victory overseas • equal rights at home. • FDR banned discrimination in defense industries. • Civil rights organizations emerged, grew. • 1 million blacks left South. • Violent resistance from local whites.

  22. Zoot-Suit Riots • Resentment Mexican Americans exploded. • The zoot-suit riots. • Mexican Americans served.

  23. Popular Culture and the “Good War” • Popular culture. • Southerners brought musical styles. • Entertainment emphasized wartime spirit.

  24. Part Six: Men and Women in Uniform

  25. Creating the Armed Forces • Maps: Wartime Army Camps • Draft began before war. • The officer corps: • Professional • Conservative • Autocratic. • Junior officers close to troops.

  26. Women Enter the Military • Women’s divisions. • Most women stayed in US. • Clerical duties • health-related duties • Aviation. • Sexual activity monitored • Racial segregation.

  27. Old Practices and New Horizons • 1 million African Americans served. • Segregation at every point. • Many racial or ethnic minorities served. • In Europe, troops met a mixed welcome.

  28. The Medical Corps • The risk of injury was much higher. • Battle fatigue. • Variety of medical personnel. • True heroes: the medics.

  29. Prisoners of War • POWs in German camps. • POWs in Japanese camps. • German POWs. • Japanese POWs.

  30. Part Seven: The World at War

  31. The War in Europe

  32. Soviets Halt Nazi Drive • 1st year, war news “all bad.” • Soviets bore brunt. • Stalingrad.

  33. The Allied Offensive • Soviets appealed for “second front”. • North Africa, Italy. • Casablanca : seek unconditional surrender. • Air bombardment: • weakened the economy • undermined civilian morale • crippled German air force

  34. The Allied Invasion of Europe • Italy out of the war. • D-Day. • Paris. • Battle of the Bulge. • May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered.

  35. The War in Asia and the Pacific • Map: The War in the Pacific • Japanese advances stopped June 1942. • Naval battles and island hopping. • Philippines, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. • Bombing Japanese cities. • Stopping Soviets.

  36. Part Eight: The Last Stages of the War

  37. The Holocaust • Nazi’s systematic extermination. • War Department vetoed camp attacks.

  38. The Yalta Conference • The “Big Three”. • Atlantic Charter fell. • FDR held idealism for global peace. • FDR dies, April ‘44.

  39. The Atomic Bomb • Harry S. Truman. • Tough with Soviets. • Potsdam. • Atomic bombs. • Peace with slight policy modification possible. • Truman claimed bomb would shorten war.

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