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This project aims to educate students about the importance of a balanced diet and its role in preventing diseases and cancer. It emphasizes the pleasure and well-being that comes from healthy and natural eating. The project involves informative sessions and promotions of apple consumption in schools.
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Albo signanda lapillo giorno da contrassegnare con un sassolino bianco, come i romani rappresentavano un giorno da ricordare a causa di un lieto, memorabile evento, come è quello innovativo di oggi.
La LILT (Lega Italiana per la lotta contro i tumori) nell'ambito dell'attività istituzionale di informazione e prevenzione rivolta ai giovani, ha elaborato il progetto: “Una mela al giorno... il piacere che fa star bene” Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Lo scopo di questa iniziativa è di sensibilizzare gli studenti delle scuole sulla centralità che ha una equilibrata alimentazione nella lotta e nella prevenzione delle malattie e dei tumori. Si vuole introdurre il concetto di piacere in modo strettamente correlato con quello di benessere, sottolineando gli aspetti di una alimentazione sana e naturale. Questo Ufficio, vista l'importanza del progetto e tenuto conto che la LILT è stata individuata dal Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione come partner privilegiato per le attività di formazione e prevenzione, ha ritenuto opportuno collocare questa iniziativa all'interno dei percorsi di Educazione alla Salute proposti dalle singole scuole. Il progetto, avviato contemporaneamente nelle province di Trento, Biella, Milano, Bologna, Salerno prevede il coinvolgimento degli alunni con momenti di informazione e promozione del consumo della mela. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Questa presentazione, elaborata d’intesa con l’Ufficio Scolastico Provinciale di Bologna, si propone di illustrare come l’argomento del progetto, la mela, possa essere anche occasione di insegnamento della lingua inglese e di dimostrazione delle ampie possibilità offerte dall’approccio metodologicoCLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning o Apprendimento Integrato di Lingua e Contenuto). Pur avendo un valore meramente esemplificativo, sarà utile per far emergere le molteplici applicazioni possibili che si possono realizzare collegando la mela alle più svariate discipline e modalità didattiche. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
CLIL An apple a day… …keeps the Doctor away Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Contenuti 1 Botanical information 2 History 3 Apple cultivars 4 Growing apples 4.1 Apple breeding 4.2 Pollination 4.3 Maturation and harvest 4.4 Pests and diseases 5 Commerce 6 Human consumption 7 Health benefits 8 Cultural aspects 9 Storage The apple Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Storytime La storia • Mele famose • Eva fece cadere in tentazione Adamo; • venne posta sulla testa del figlio di Guglielmo Tell affinché egli la colpisse con una freccia; • cadde in testa a Isaac Newton, facendogli intuire la legge di gravitazione universale. Alimentazione, salute, prevenzione, benessere N.Y. THE BIG APPLE 1 Botanical information 2 History 3 Apple cultivars 4 Growing apples 4.1 Apple breeding 4.2 Pollination 4.3 Maturation and harvest 4.4 Pests and diseases 5 Commerce 6 Human consumption 7 Health benefits 8 Cultural aspects 9 Storage The apple CLIL FAVOLE, MITI nella fiaba Biancaneve e i sette nani (Brontolo, Cucciolo, Dotto, Eolo, Gongolo, Mammolo, Pisolo) dei fratelli Grimm, avvelena Biancaneve. Roald Dahl’s Snow-White and the seven Dwarves La mela d'oro che Paride diede ad Afrodite(Elena) poiché ella era, per lui, la più bella dea dell’Olimpo I tre pomi d'oro del Giardino delle Esperidi: un'impresa di Eracle e strumenti magici del mito di Atalanta e Melanione. GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAFIA PRODUZIONE E COMMERCIO Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
The apple An apple a day/ Una mela al giorno Pronouncing the word APPLE /Pronuncia la parola mela. Brainstorming Profumi e ricordi nella tua infanzia / Recalling your childhood through an apple What is an apple. Describe an apple, taste an apple, its colour, apple components. Cos’è una mela. Descrivi una mela, assaggia una mela, i suoi colori, (taste the colour), i componenti della mela, i sapori che conosci. Alcuni esempi: La buccia è liscia o rugginosa, di colore verde, giallo o rosso con macchie e striature. La polpa è bianca o giallognola, soda e succosa, di sapore dolce o acidulo, a volte farinosa. Vi sono mele da tavola con diversi periodi di maturazione e mele da sidro diffuse nei Paesi nordici e in Francia. La mela è molto usata in cucina, si mangia sia cruda sia cotta e se ne estraggono vari succhi. A differenza di altra frutta, la mela non contiene molta vitamina C (7 mg per 100 g). Biancaneve / Snowwhite, Eva / Eve, Paride, la guerra di Troia, L’Odissea Il pomodoro / The tomato Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
History La storia Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
The apple and its historyLa storia della mela e la mela nella storia Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Alcune mele famose • La più famosa e chiacchierata è senz’altro quella con cui Eva fece cadere in tentazione Adamo: gli scienziati non hanno ancora scoperto di che qualità fosse;siccome però era nell’Eden, doveva essere necessariamente ottima; il risultato però fu che i due furono cacciati dal Paradiso Terrestre. Oggi le mele si possono gustare senza pericolo. • Una mela “storica” fu quella posta sulla testa del figlio di Guglielmo Tell affinché egli la colpisse con una freccia; l’eroe non sbagliò la mira e divenne il simbolo dell’indipendenza della Svizzera; • una mela “scientifica” fu quella che cadde in testa allo scienziato Isaac Newton, che si riposava sotto un melo, facendogli intuire la legge di gravitazione universale che sconvolse e rivoluzionò le conoscenze sul cosmo. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
La mela “morsicata” Uno storico Macintosh 128k una popolare varietà di mela, la McIntosh ha dato il nome (Apple Macintosh detto comunemente Mac) al primo computer ad essere dotato di interfaccia grafica e di mouse, caratteristiche assolutamente rivoluzionarie. Il Macintosh ottenne un successo di mercato senza precedenti, grazie al suo approccio amichevole (user-friendly) e alla facilità d'uso. La sua interfaccia grafica usava per la prima volta metafore facili da comprendere, quali il cestino, la scrivania, le finestre, gli appunti ecc. aprendo l'uso del computer a tutti . Per questo motivo il Macintosh è divenuto una pietra miliare nello sviluppo dell'industria del computer. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
In tempi moderni, l’invenzione del logo THE BIG APPLE salvò New York dal fallimento,rilanciando il turismo. Nel 2007 i visitatori furono 46 milioni, e spesero 26 milioni di dollari (cos’è il turismo?) Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Apple bobbing • “Apple bobbing” is a popular party game at Halloween parties. Several apples are put in a bowl of water, and people take it in turn to try and catch one with their mouth – without using their hands. “Bobbing” means to move up and down very quickly, so it is actually very difficult to bite an apple without using your hands when it is moving around in a bowl of water. The person who catches the most, is the winner. • Girl: You’ve been very busy, you’ve organised party games as well. But what on earth is “bobbing apples?” • Boy: It’s fantastic fun, wait till you see everybody try it. It’s a bowl of water with about 12 apples inside, and you have to try to get an apple out of the bowl using only your mouth. • Girl: Sounds like great fun for my make up and hair. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Festivals and special Days in Britain MELANIE BIRDSALL Scholastic Inc., 2000 Classroom PHOTOCOPIABLE timesavers, Printed in the U.K. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
APPLE PEEL Festivals and special Days in Britain MELANIE BIRDSALL Scholastic Inc., 2000 Classroom PHOTOCOPIABLE timesavers, Printed in the U.K. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
APPLE PEEL There are lots of superstitions at Hallowe’en. Here is one. Try it at home! Solve the anagrams and write a girl’s name and a boy’s name for each letter. Festivals and special Days in Britain MELANIE BIRDSALL Scholastic Inc., 2000 Classroom PHOTOCOPIABLE timesavers, Printed in the U.K. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
FAVOLE, MITI • nella fiaba Biancaneve e i sette nani dei fratelli Grimm, avvelena Biancaneve. • Roald Dahl’s Snow-White and the seven Dwarves • La mela d'oro che Paride diede ad Afrodite (Elena) poiché ella era, per lui, la più bella dea dell’Olimpo • I tre pomi d'oro del Giardino delle Esperidi: un'impresa di Eracle e strumenti magici del mito di Atalanta e Melanione. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Geography Geografia Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
La mela è originaria del mar Nero e del mar Caspio. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Alimentazione, salute, prevenzione, benessere Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
The apple in your dietary menuLa mela nelle diete La mela è forse il frutto più valutato dalla moderna dietologia. Sicuramente la presenza per gran parte dell'anno, la facile portabilità (che la rende molto pratica per gli spuntini) e, non ultime, le caratteristiche alimentari giustificano la posizione di rilievo che occupa presso gli alimentaristi. Del resto anche presso i romani era comune cominciare il pranzo con le uova e finirlo con mele e altra frutta (da cui la celebre frase Dalle uova fino alle mele). Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
The apple is the pomaceousfruit of the apple tree, speciesMalus domestica in the rose family Rosaceae. It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. The tree is small and deciduous, reaching 5–12 m tall, with a broad, often densely twiggy crown. The leaves are alternately arranged simple ovals 5–12 cm long and 3–6 cm broad on a 2–5 cm petiole with an acute tip, serrated margin and a slightly downy underside. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Flowers are produced in spring simultaneous with the budding of the leaves. The flowers are white with a pink tinge that gradually fades, five petaled, 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter. The fruit matures in autumn, and is typically 5–9 cm diameter. The centre of the fruit contains five carpels arranged in a five-point star, each carpel containing one to three seeds. The tree originated from Asia, where its wild ancestor is still found today. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples resulting in range of desired characteristics. It should be noted however, that cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Botanical information The wild ancestor of Malus domestica is Malus sieversii. It has no common name in English, but is known in Kazakhstan, where it is native, as 'alma'; in fact, the region where it is thought to originate is called Alma-Ata, or 'father of the apples'. This tree is still found wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China. For many years, there was a debate about whether M. domestica evolved from chance hybridisation among various wild species. Recent DNA analysis by Barrie Juniper, Emeritus Fellow in the Department of Plant Sciences at Oxford University and others, has indicated, however, that the hybridisation theory is probably false. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Instead, it appears that a single species still growing in the Ili Valley on the northern slopes of the Tien Shan mountains at the border of northwest China and the former Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan is the progenitor of the apples we eat today. Leaves taken from trees in this area were analyzed for DNA composition, which showed them all to belong to the species M. sieversii, with some genetic sequences common to M. domestica. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Other species that were previously thought to have made contributions to the genome of the domestic apples are Malus baccata and Malus sylvestris, but there is no hard evidence for this in older apple cultivars. These and other Malus species have been used in some recent breeding programmes to develop apples suitable for growing in climates unsuitable for M. domestica, mainly for increased cold tolerance. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
La mela nelle diete / The apple in your dietary menu Pesticidi e conservanti - Per le mele il marchio di produzione è essenziale perché garantisce norme restrittive sull'uso di sostanze chimiche; si può ricorrere a mele biologiche o a mele dai marchi conosciuti, mentre è meglio diffidare di mele "anonime" soprattutto lontano dalla stagione tipica della qualità di mela considerata. INFO AL. - Carboidrati: 10,4; proteine: 0,2; grassi: 0,3; acqua: 85,6; colesterolo: 0; sodio: 2; calorie: 45; parte edibile: 94; calorie al lordo: 38. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
The center of diversity of the genus Malus is the eastern Turkey, southwestern Russia region of Asia Minor. The apple tree was perhaps the earliest tree to be cultivated, and their fruits were improved through selection over a period of thousands of years by early farmers. Alexander the Great is credited with finding dwarfed apples in Asia Minor in 300 BC; those he brought back to Greece might have been the progenitors of dwarfing rootstocks. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Apples were brought to North America with colonists in the 1600s, and the first apple orchard on this continent was said to be near Boston in 1625. Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing, have been an important food in Asia and Europe for millennia, as well as in Argentina and in the United States since the arrival of Europeans. In the 1900s, irrigation projects in Washington state[ began and allowed the development of the multi-billion dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading species. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Apple cultivars There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples. Different cultivars are available for temperate and subtropical climates. Reputedly the world's biggest collection of apple. cultivars is housed at the National Fruit Collection in England. Apples do not flower in tropical climates because they have a chilling requirement. Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desired qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colourful skin, absence of russeting, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, typical "Red Delicious" apple shape, long stem (to allow pesticides to penetrate the top of the fruit), and popular flavour. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and have a variety of textures and colours. Some find them to have a better flavour than modern cultivators, but may have other problems which make them commercially unviable, such as low yield, liability to disease, or poor tolerance for storage or transport. A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been kept alive by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance are out there to discover; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
In the United Kingdomoldcultivars such as Cox's Orange Pippin and Egremont Russett are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and disease prone. Although most cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), some are cultivated specifically for cooking (cooking apples) or producing cider. Cider apples are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavour that dessert apples cannot. Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Most North Americans and Europeans flavour sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavour are popular in Asia and especially India. Tastes in apples vary from one person to another and change continually over time. As an example, the U.S. state of Washington made its reputation for apple growing on Red Delicious. In recent years, many apple connoisseurs have come to regard the Red Delicious as inferior to cultivars such as Fuji and Gala due to its merely mild flavour and insufficiently firm texture. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Apple breeding Like most perennial fruits, Apples ordinarily propagate Asexually by grafting. Seedling apples are different from their parents, sometimes radically. Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. The words 'seedling', 'pippin', and 'kernel' in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Apples can also form bud sports (mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved trains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars. By means of crossing, more rigid apples can be achieved by breeders. For example, the Excelsior Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota has, since the 1930s, introduced a steady progression of important hardy apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by backyard orchardists, throughout Minnesota and Wisconsin. Its most important introductions have included 'Haralson' (which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota), 'Wealthy', 'Honeygold', and 'Honeycrisp'. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Pollination Apples are self-incompatible; they must cross-pollinate to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers usually provide pollinators to carry the pollen. Honeybee hives are most commonly used. Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Bumble beequeens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in enough quantity to be significant pollinators. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples depending on climate: Group A – Early flowering, May 1 to 3 in England (Gravenstein, Red Astrachan) Group B – May 4 to 7 (Idared, McIntosh) Group C – Mid-season flowering, May 8 to 11 (Granny Smith, Cox's Orange Pippin) Group D – Mid/Late season flowering, May 12 to 15 (Golden Delicious, Calville Blanc d'Hiver). Group E – Late flowering, May 16 to 18 (Braeburn, Reinette d'Orléans) Group F – May 19 to 23 (Suntan) Group H – May 24 to 28 (Court Pendu Plat) One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A or A with B but not A with C or D). Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Maturation and harvest Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, will grow very large, which allows them to bear a great deal more fruit, but makes harvest very difficult. Mature trees typically bear 40–200 kg of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Dwarf trees will bear about 10–80 kg of fruit per year. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Commerce At least 55 million tonnes of apples were grown worldwide in 2005, with a value of about $10 billion. China produced about two-fifth of this total. United States is the second leading producer, with more than 7.5% of the world production. Turkey, France, Italy and Iran are among the leading apple exporters. In the United States, more than 60% of all theapples sold commercially are grown in Washington state. Imported apples from New Zealand and other more temperate areas are competing with US production and increasing each year. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Human consumption Apples can be canned, juiced, and optionally fermented to produce apple juice, cider, ciderkin, vinegar, and pectin. Distilled apple cider produces the spiritsapplejack and Calvados. Apple wine can also be made. They make a popular lunchbox fruit as well. Apples are an important ingredient in many winter desserts, for example apple pie, apple crumble, apple crisp and apple cake. They are often eaten baked or stewed, and they can also be dried and eaten or re-constituted (soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid) for later use. Puréed apples are generally known as apple sauce. Apples are also made into apple butter and apple jelly. They are also used cooked in meat dishes. In the UK, a toffee apple is a traditional confection made by coating an apple in hot toffee and allowing it to cool. Similar treats in the US are candy apples (coated in a hard shell of crystallised sugar syrup), and caramel apples, coated with cooled caramel. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Apples are eaten with honey at the Jewish New Year of Rosh Hashanah to symbolize a sweet new year. Farms with apple orchards may open them to the public, so consumers may themselves pick the apples they will buy. Sliced apples turn brown with exposure to air due to the conversion of natural phenolic substances into melanin upon exposure to oxygen. Different cultivars differ in their propensity to brown after slicing. Sliced fruit can be treated with acidulated water to prevent this effect. Organic apples are commonly produced in the United States. Organic production is difficult in Europe, though a few orchards have done so with commercial success, using disease-resistant cultivars and the very best cultural controls. The latest tool in the organic repertoire is a spray of a light coating of kaolin clay, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, and also helps prevent apple sun scald. Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Scarto: 15% (8% torsolo e gambo, 7% buccia)Nome scientifico: Malus domestica Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA Dal database del Ministero americano dell'Agricoltura
Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
PIRAMIDE ALIMENTARE Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Health benefits Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
Health benefits Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA