WWII

1. WWII Section 3: On the Home Front

2. Section 3: On the Home Front Review • Hitler has taken power of Germany • Nazi army has invaded most of Europe • Nazis failed to defeat Britain • Nazis invade Russia (opening an Eastern Front) • Japan invades China, America responds with sanctions • Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

3. Building an Army Selective Service Act has been building an army since 1940. 15,000,000 Americans will join armed forces. New recruits would have a physical and vaccinations (JFK’s forged documents) G.I. = Government Issue (uniform, boots, etc)

4. Building an Army Basic Training was 8 weeks. (similar to edu) Women’s Army Corps (WACs) Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy (WAVES) 250,000 women serve in WWII. None were combat soldiers. Most were office workers and nurses. Along with factory workers at home.

5. Creating a War Economy Mobilization: military and civilian preparations for war War Production Board agency helped industries switch to war material. Office of Price Administration set limits on prices and rent. National War Labor Board kept production going by preventing strikes and other disruptions.

6. Financing the War During WWII (1941-1945), the U.S. spends over $320,000,000,000 (10x the price of WWI). Where does that kind of money come from? • Raised income taxes • Raised corporate taxes • Borrow money: war bonds

7. Making Sacrifices Overseas: a place that you have to cross a large body of water to get to. Also caused “over there” Mexico and Canada = not overseas Europe and Africa = overseas Problems faced at home: Letters saying loved one was dead, wounded or captured Shortage of goods (metal and food in demand)

8. Making Sacrifices Rationed: buying needed materials was regulated

9. Helping the War Effort Victory Gardens: People planted personal gardens to supply their family with fruits and vegetables. (short supply of food) Civil Defense: Citizens helping to defend the continental U.S. Volunteers would watch the skies for planes and costal cities would enforce blackouts.

10. What does the word ‘civil’ mean? Rosie the Riveter Rosie was used to encourage women to work at a factory and help the war cause. 20 million will answer the call.

11. African Americans About 1,000,000 signed up. 1942, integration started (12 years before CR) 332nd Fighter Group shot down over 200 enemy planes (Tuskegee Airmen) Another, smaller, Great Migration and conflict. Philip Randolph: Wanted ban on discrimination in government jobs. FDR passes Fair Employment Practice Commission

12. Benjamin Davis Jr. • Member of Tuskegee Airmen • 1st Black general in Air Force Doris Miller • Cook turned hero at Pearl Harbor • Received Navy Cross (died 12/7/43)

13. Native Americans Code Talkers: A code was developed using the Navajo language. It was an unwritten, completely original language that 30 people could speak. Code took 30 seconds to translate instead of 30 minutes. The code was never broken. (Windtalkers) Statue in Arizona

14. Hispanics in WWII 250,00- 500,000 served. Military was segregated. Hispanics were considered white. 12 received Medal of Honor Open border to fill jobs during war. Eugene Valencia Jr. – 23 air victories, Navy Cross, 5 Distinguished Flying Crosses, 6 Air Medals

15. Japanese Americans 2/3 were born in U.S. 100,000 were placed in internment camps. Living conditions were crowded, uncomfortable, and in the desert. 1988 we said sorry and gave $20,000 to survivors.

16. Bell Ringer How much did WWII cost and how did the U.S. pay the bill?

17. World War II Profiles

18. “Death solves all problems… no man? No problem.” “History shows that there are no invincible armies.” “I trust no one, not even myself” “Ideas are more powerful than guns. we would not let our enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas?” “In the Soviet army it takes more courage to retreat than advance”

19. Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) Early Life • Born to a dysfunctional family in Georgia • Did not trust smart people (felt inferior) • Went to school to be a priest, learned about revolution

20. Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) Rise to Power • As Secretary of the Communist Party, gave jobs to gain loyalty thereby taking power away from leaders • Through violence and manipulation, rose to power • Built up military, farming and industry during 30s • Killed anyone that was a threat= 4-60 millions deaths • Labor camps, Great Purge, famine

21. Stalin During WWII • Was surprised by Hitler’s attack on Russia • Took a few months to get army together (killed or imprisoned most of the military leaders • Captured Berlin • Demanded land at end of WWII

22. Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) After WWII • Cold War • Developed Nuclear Weapons (2nd most in world today) • If you voted against him or gave a hint ill feelings, you’d be killed • Set up a space program: 1st animal in space, satellite, human and woman in space, spacewalk, space rover, and space station (NASA sent last space ship up in April of 2012) • Dies of stroke

23. World War II Section 4: War in Europe and Africa

24. North African Campaign Allies: • Soviet Union (Russia), U.S.A., Britain and 23 others U.S. decides to focus its attention on Europe, not Japan. Why? • Big problem if Germany defeats Russia Europe= Friends China= Not as close

25. North African Campaign The Basics • Italy moved into Northern Africa (June of 1940) • British forces have success against Italy (Sept-Dec,1940) • German Commander: Erwin Rommel (Dec, 1940) • American Commander: Dwight D. Eisenhower • Back and forth until Axis surrender May 1943 (275K) Successes in Africa were a result in: British code breaking and Russian attacks

26. North African Campaign Causalities Allies: about 40,000 Axis: about 50,000 With Africa secured, the fight for Europe can begin.

27. World War II Section 4: Invasion of Italy and Gen. Patton Day 2

28. The Invasion of Italy November, 1942- May, 1943: North Africa Summer, 1943: Sicily (Eisenhower directs,Patton leads) June, 1944: Rome Falls Citizens overthrow Mussolini and surrender to Allies. Air attacks on Germany begin.

29. “A pint of sweat, saves a gallon of blood” “All men are afraid in battle. The coward is the one who lets his fear overcome his sense of duty. Duty is the essence of manhood” “A good plan violently executed now is better than a perfect plan executed next week.” “If everyone is thinking alike, then somebody isn’t thinking.”

30. Gen. George Patton (1885-1945) Early Life - Grew up hearing stories of the Civil War from his grandpa - Family members in every American war dating back to Revolution j - Member of the 1912 and 1916 Olympic team - 1916, first motorized attack - Impatient, impulsive

31. Gen. George Patton (1885-1945) Military Life • Commander of the United States Third Army • Military style: constant-firing, fast moving tanks “They don’t shoot as well when they’re on the run” • Nickname: “Old blood and Guts” • Slapped at least 2 soldiers that complained of being war torn • Was a part of many major battles

32. Gen. George Patton (1885-1945) Death • Died in a car accident on 12/21/1945 • Took 12 days to die (was paralyzed when his car hit a military truck while going 30 mph • 2 other people in the car went nearly unhurt Conspiracy? • Rumor that Russian sniper shot him in the neck • Wanted to invade Russia • Wife paid PI to find out truth

33. World War II Section 4: Eastern Front, D-Day Day 3

34. The Tide Turns Victory in N. Africa and Italy The Eastern Front: Germans advanced (June 1941) into Russia. Leningrad fighting lasted for 900 days= Russians win Moscow (capital) = Russians win (temp and supplies) Stalingrad = Germans win but then surrounded (2/43) Germans retreat from Russia

35. The Invasion of France Operation Overlord: Mission to invade Europe D-Day, June 6, 1944: 5 beaches in France were landed on while paratroopers were dropped behind enemy lines. Operation Fortitude: British broke the German code early in the war and were able to locate Nazi spies in England. Many were convinced to be double agents and told Germans that Normandy was a diversion. The main attack would be at a place further east. Hollywood stagehands built dummy oil docks, landing craft, planes, tanks and trucks at Dover, England. Few hundred men simulated an entire army with constant radio transmissions. Result = Germans did not send reinforcement to Normandy

36. Operation Overlord (Air attacks and misinformation) Part I: Midnight on June 6th, 24,000 paratroopers were dropped behind enemy lines. Job: to take out certain sites to help invasion (bridges, machine gunners, outposts Part II: Invasion begins at 6:30 a.m. Cloudy, calm water.

38. Normandy • Most heavily guarded secret in the world • Germany had 55 divisions in France, Allies could only deliver 8 (156,000 troops) on D-Day morning 2 million military men were involved with D-Day 156,000 initially landed 195,000 navy officers on almost 7,000 ships 7 million tons of supplies were gathered by U.S. 12,000 pilots died leading up to attack 127 planes lost on D-Day

39. World War II Section 4: Battle of the Bulge and Bastogne, V-E Day Day 4

40. The Battle of the Bulge Germany was facing defeat after defeat. Russians were coming from the East. Americans from the South. British and Americans from the West. December 16th, 1944 – January 25th, 1945 Hitler has one final plan. Attack West. Circle the Americans and British and force them to surrender. This should lead to victory on the Western Front and allow the German army to focus on Russia.

42. The Battle of the Bulge Siege of Bastogne: -Bastogne is a city in Belgium. -The Nazis wanted to fortify an area called Antwerp. -The 7 major roads of Belgium come together in Bastogne. -American soldiers had little “cold-weather gear, ammunition, food, medical supplies and senior leadership” -Some of the worst winter weather in years. The Airborne troopers (82nd and 101st) will hold off the Germans until Patton’s 3rd Army arrives.

43. V-E Day January 25th: Allies win Battle of the Bulge, Invasion into Germany April 12th: FDR dies, Harry Truman becomes President April 30th: Hitler commits suicide May 7th: Germans surrender May 8th: Victory in Europe Day

44. Hitler is Dead Hitler married his mistress on April 29th. On the same day he learned of Mussolini’s death by the people of Italy. He and his wife were hung up by the ankles and defaced. Hitler chose to get poison so that he would not have the same fate. On May 30th, Hitler took the poison and shot himself. His body was then taken outside and burned.