Lesson ten

1. Lesson ten • Definitions • Connectives • Vocabulary • Text discussion

2. Definitions • Virtual goods • Social network • Sustainable product • A brick and mortar company

3. Virtual goods Virtual goods are items that exist and can be bought solely online. (Axel, Jonas, Gustaf, Andreas) Virutal goods are objects that only exist in games and applications (Martin, Jonas, Gustaf) Virtual goods are non-physical possessions that exist within a community based software (Sofie, Magnus, Vilhelm)

4. Social network A social network is a place where you can interact with other people, both new and old acquaintances. (Malin, Johanna, David, Erik) A social network is a meeting spot where you can talk to people. (Fanny, Anton, Chia, Irina) A social network is a an online platform with the main purpose of connecting people. (Andrea, Anna)

5. Sustainable product A sustainable product is a product which will have a positive impact on the environment, society or the economy, and at the same time protect the environment and public health. (Fanny, Anton, Chia, Irina) A sustainable product is goods that during their lifetime does not negatively affect the environment and public health. (Sofie, Magnus, Vilhelm)

6. Brick and mortar company A brick and mortar company is someone who has as their profession to build walls and buildings out of rectangular shaped dried mud. (Fanny, Anton, Chia, Irina) A brick and mortar company is a business that produces material goods. (Axel, Jonas, Gustaf, Andreas) A brick and mortar company is an enterprise with a physical business for consumer relations, often used in contrast with internet-based companies. (Andrea, Anna)

7. Brick and mortar examples Can classes over the Internet be as effective as classes in a brick and mortar school? Well, again, while everyone's going to the real malls, the brick and mortar malls, you can go here and you can click and order at Reallybigmall.com. Seventeen hundred stores, lots of fun.

8. Connectives There was no longer any abdominal pain. However, the patient experienced low back pain and cramps in the legs. Both the doctor and the patient agreed on the treatment. The patient, however, wanted to start the treatment earlier. Before you decide to be a soldier, you have to read these books. *Before becoming deputy chairman of the Defence Council under Gorbachev. Baklanov had been in the CPSU secretariat.

9. Connectives He previously worked in the Ministry of Finance. He comes, therefore, with a great deal of experience and expertise. They even had food for a day or two. Nevertheless, he was not relaxed. The organization has both limited powers and limited funds. Furthermore, it has not right of access to countries outside the treaty. Other constancies may turn out to have similarly straightforward explanations. Indeed, perceptual constancies are only a puzzle if it is assumed that the visual system acts like a camera Because she was my mother, I expected her to know the right choice.

10. Connectives In general, short acting drugs are better for this condition than those with a prolonged action. He seemed unaware of some basic details about you. For example, what you look like. Pedometers are not too expensive and are available from most sports shops. In conclusion, walking is a cheap, safe, enjoyable and readily available form of exercise.

11. Connectives Studying how light (or other electromagnetic radiation) interacts with matter is an important and versatile tool of the chemist. _______ , much of our knowledge of chemical substances comes form their specific absorption of transmission of light.

12. Connectives - exercise Studying how light (or other electromagnetic radiation) interacts with matter is an important and versatile tool of the chemist. Indeed, much of our knowledge of chemical substances comes form their specific absorption of transmission of light.

13. Connectives - exercise Suppose you look at two solutions of the same substance, one a deeper color than the other. Your common sense tells you that the darker colored solution is the more concentrated one. ____________, as the color of the solution deepens, you infer that its concentration also increases. This is an underlying principle of spectrophotometry: the intensity of color is a measure of the amount of a material in solution.

14. Connectives - exercise Suppose you look at two solutions of the same substance, one a deeper color than the other. Your common sense tells you that the darker colored solution is the more concentrated one. In other words, as the color of the solution deepens, you infer that its concentration also increases. This is an underlying principle of spectrophotometry: the intensity of color is a measure of the amount of a material in solution.

15. Connectives - exercise A second principle of spectrophotometry is that every substance absorbs or transmits certain wavelengths of radiant energy but not other wave lengths.__________, chlorophyll always absorbs red and violet light while transmitting the yellow, green and blue wavelengths.

16. Connectives - exercise A second principle of spectrophotometry is that every substance absorbs or transmits certain wavelengths of radiant energy but not other wave lengths. For example, chlorophyll always absorbs red and violet light while transmitting the yellow, green and blue wavelengths.

17. Connectives - exercise The transmitted and reflected wavelengths appear green – the color our eye “sees.” The light energy absorbed or transmitted must match exactly the energy required to cause an electronic transition in the substance under consideration. Only certain wavelength photons satisfy this energy condition. ____________, the absorption or transmission of specific wavelengths is characteristic for a substance, and a spectral analysis serves as a “fingerprint” of the compound.

18. Connectives - exercise The transmitted and reflected wavelengths appear green – the color our eye “sees.” The light energy absorbed or transmitted must match exactly the energy required to cause an electronic transition in the substance under consideration. Only certain wavelength photons satisfy this energy condition. Thus, the absorption or transmission of specific wavelengths is characteristic for a substance, and a spectral analysis serves as a “fingerprint” of the compound.

19. Connectives – exercise 2 • Nuclear power plants do not produce chemical pollutants such as sulfur dioxide or PCBs. However, they _________________________ • Synthetic fuels are difficult to manufacture. In fact, __________________________________ • White light appears to be devoid of any color. In actuality, though, ________________________ • More and more automobile engines are being built today that use fuel injection instead of carburetors. Nevertheless, ______________________________________________

20. Vocabulary • It was the least convivial scientific field trip of all time. • He could not be induced to return. • Planets were inclined to orbit in an ellipse. • He declined to share his solution. • He was capable of the most riveting strangeness. • He was a secret adherent of a dangerously heretical sect. • His attachment to alchemy was no less ardent. • It was a beacon to those who could follow it.

21. Vocabulary • The first law stated very baldly that a thing moves in the direction in which it is pushed. • Halley boldly called on the university’s Professor of Mathematics, Isaac Newton. • It was an almost ludicrously ambitious undertaking. • They were nothing if not tenacious. • Listlessly they completed their survey. • The notion lay dormant for another thirty years. • The idea simmered. • Mason and Dixon were now evidently more seasoned. • Nothing was more ingenious than a machine he had designed. • We must begin with a brilliant and genial man.

22. Study questions • Was the French expedition to South American trouble-free? Justify your answer with examples. • What is Bryson’s own answer to the question of why they were in the Andes? What was the real reason? • What did Halley do? What did he not do? • What Halley’s greatest contribution to human knowledge according to Bryson? • What resulted from Halley’s meeting with Newton? • What phenomena do Newton’s laws explain?

23. Study questions • What was central to the problem of weighing the Earth? • Who successfully charted the transit of Venus? What is he perhaps better know for? • Who was John Michell and what contributions did he make to science? • Who was Cavendish and that sort of a person was he? • What did he discover and what did he anticipate? • How many pounds are there in a metric ton, a tonne?

24. Discussion points On page 72 in Bryson’s A short history of nearly everything, he writes: “Once in a great while a few times in history, a human mind produces an observation so acute and unexpected that people can’t quite decide which is the more amazing – the fact or the thinking of it” In relation to the “what if...”-text you discussed whether discoveries are completely dependent on chance and particular individuals, or if discoveries become inevitable when knowledge progress to a certain point. Based on what you have read in the Bryson book, would you say that the historical facts described by Bryson strengthen one or the other side of that discussion?

25. Discussion points In the introduction Bryson writes that the idea of the book was to “...see if it isn’t possible to understand and appreciate [...] the wonder and accomplishment of science at a level that isn’t too technical or demanding, but isn’t entirely superficial either”. Based on what you have read so far, do you thing he has managed to do what he set out to do. What are the main strengths and weaknesses of describing science in the way Bryson does?

26. Discussion points Several times in the book, Bryson writes about scientists throughout history that have made significant discoveries without anyone being aware of this. He also writes in the introduction that his main motivation for writing the book was that he felt he had little knowledge about many basic natural phenomena. In this context what would you say are the biggest problems of spreading scientific information today, both among the scientific community and among the general public?

27. Bryson book review • Critical evaluation of the book • Put the book in a wider context • Point of departure for a more general discussion on a topic that is relevant to the book’s content

28. Possible topics • The views on science and scientists, historically and today. • Do we need to popularize science? If we do, what is the best way to do it?

29. Review • original title • introduce the book • people who have not read the book should understand the review • give the reader a general understanding of the book’s content and style • critically evaluate the book • serve as an illustration or example of the theme that you are discussing • avoid any references to yourself • between 600 and 900 words • Deadline: beginning of December