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Interoperability standards for Technology Enhanced Learning: the Italian Government case study

Interoperability standards for Technology Enhanced Learning: the Italian Government case study. Vincenzo Fortunato MIT/Inovazione Italia Director New Initiatives v.fortunato@governo.it vfortunato@sviluppoitalia.it. Technology Enhanced Learning: Standardisation activities

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Interoperability standards for Technology Enhanced Learning: the Italian Government case study

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  1. Interoperability standards for Technology Enhanced Learning: the Italian Government case study Vincenzo Fortunato MIT/Inovazione Italia Director New Initiatives v.fortunato@governo.it vfortunato@sviluppoitalia.it Technology Enhanced Learning: Standardisation activities Technical meeting, 25 February 2004, Luxembourg

  2. The context • Large investments in e-learning, mainly due to time and financial reasons • Few skills inside and outside the organizations to manage the problem dimensions and urgency • Technologies have ran more than methodologies and content quality • The risk: loosing time, money and objectives • The needs: raising communication and consciousness, building affordable models, cancelling legends Vincenzo Fortunato

  3. The MIT role • The Ministry for Innovation and Technologies has set up an internal structure, inside the CNIPA (National Centre for Informatics in Public Administration), for establishing the Italian Competency Centre on e-learning • It’s main role is to deliver common rules for e-learning in public administrations • It’s not an imposing action, but a consensus driven one • It means to analyze ongoing situations and give recommendations for reaching a common “interoperability” rules subset • Technologies, services and contents Vincenzo Fortunato

  4. The Working Group • A high-level working group has been established to deliver, within this year: • Minimal “strong” recommendations on how to manage e-learning projects for public employees (The “Decalogo”) • Guidelines for e-learning in public administrations • “Vademecum” on these guidelines Vincenzo Fortunato

  5. The Guidelines • It’s a process began in the recent years (Direttiva Frattini, Government Guidelines for the IS development, Decreto Moratti-Stanca for telematic universities) • Main goals: • Promoting the correct implementation of e-learning technologies for public employees • Ensuring portability and re-usability of project deliveries • Bridging, in the medium term, to the Italian Application Profile for e-learning in public administrations Vincenzo Fortunato

  6. The dimensions of the Guidelines • Why: “light” principles on co-financed projects and digital content for a central repository • What: didactic methodologies, technologies and services, learning objects • How: international widely recognized standards and specifications (XML, LOM, IMS SCORM, etc.), for the moment, and general recommendations on how to manage an e-learning project • Who: public administrations, technology ad content providers, final users • When: formal and operational validity from November 2003 on, de facto effectiveness yet running – CNIPA is just ruling the public e-learning projects Vincenzo Fortunato

  7. Next step... • Official creation of the Italian Competency Centre on e-learning • Development of the “Public Administration Virtual School” Project through: • A digital repository of projects (Portal) and contents (Learning Objects DR) • A LMS platform for those administration which will choose this subsidiary service (ASP) • A support system for monitoring the effectiveness of public investments • To come in the future: implementation of the Italian Application Profile for the public administration Vincenzo Fortunato

  8. ...Next step THE E-LEARNING CENTER REPRESENTS THE REALIZATION OF A WIDER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMM FOR THE BROAD BAND DEVELOPMENT Broad Band - Telemedicine Broad Band - E-vote This activity linked to broad band meet the e-content project. This project is composed by several integrated components which will allow the activation of the market both demand and supply sides Broad Band - _ _ _ _ Broad Band - E-learning E-LEARNING CENTER Public Administration SME (mainly for southern Regions) USERS University End Users CONTENTS PROVIDERS Other contents providers 4 HUB e-content 1 2 3 Aggregation and qualification of Public demand Incentive to private demand Offering promotion 5 Key elements: standards, regulation, digital royalties 6 Promotion Vincenzo Fortunato

  9. Last years Expenditure segmentation Expenditure segmentation Market size of e-learning Growth rates are very high and previsions for 2004 estimate a further increase of more than 130 % Expenditure segmentation shows a market maturity trend, a decrease of technological component and a parallel increase of contents, services and consultancy Vincenzo Fortunato

  10. On the supply side… Global e-learning service provider Training companies ICT companies and SW developer Publishing companies and contents providers Consultancy companies Currently, the Italian Market is showing a concentration and a maturity towards segment “1” players (Global e-learning service provider) with the presence of integrated e-learning players. Today’s market is largely composed of sectorial players not focused on e-learning Legend High Medium Absent Vincenzo Fortunato

  11. …While on the demand side... Demand segmentation 2002 and 2003 comparison shows that: The value of the demand from Public Institutions is remarkably rising up The private companies sector demand is essentially constant School demand is increasing significantly Other source of demand are stable, (mainly for University demand) Vincenzo Fortunato

  12. Innovazione Italia as investor and manager of the Center Schools-other MIUR Activities and objectives of the e-learning center Innovations and technologies Manages with outsourcer technological platforms (independent from contents) E-LEARNING CENTER PA (central and local) University (contents providers) Together with the competent Ministers analyses the potential demand of contents for PI, SME and People • Applicative platform, other distribution channels PLAYER (content and service provider) Private companies (sme and south areas) Ensures the availability and the qualification of a “shelf” of contents without intermediation between providers and end users • Contents demand analysis PROVIDER (outsourcer platform for other technologies) Develops big e-learning campaigns for PI employees and for other major targets People (target) • “Shelf” of catalogued contents Provides a technological platform for Universities consortiums University consortium (platform users) Vincenzo Fortunato

  13. Key aspects The center is not a compulsory point of reference for Public Administration. It offers to administration the possibility of choosing high value contents SUBSIDIARITY TOWARDS ADMINISTRATION The center does not monopolize market limiting the offering for PA and on weak segment of the industrial network and of the end users RESPECT OF THE MARKET The center does not act as an intermediary. It has a “shelf” where price transaction is between supplier and consumer except when the center organizes a great free campaign for specific target of demand. TRANSPARENCY The center in not in competition with Universities since it is not oriented towards degree and after degree training. On the contrary the center offers to Univerity Consortium a model of cooperation in order to sustain the choice of the technological structure RELATIONSHIP WITH UNIVERSITY The supposed model could include some revenues model in the shape of adherence fees. considering low managing costs (slim structure), at the beginning at least it should be better the “fixed budget” solution FINANCING Vincenzo Fortunato

  14. Expected positive aspects It is strategic: the forecast of growth of e-learning, his importance in the digital systems development, his possible relationship with new instruments (e.g. cable tv) suggest the control of this process Effectiveness/efficiency: this model could enhance the productivity of the training courses, ensuring specialistic support knowledge and expecting more than one run for contents and courses Acceleration effect: this model contributes to give certainty to supplier promoting the growth of the quality and the standardization of the products; it also encourages the growth of the Italian market National and international visibility: e-learning center will represent a very high potential instrument to address high value training activities towards administrations, industrial network and end users. The center will also represent an instrument for the promotion of the Italian language, culture and art, through a highly qualified training path. Vincenzo Fortunato

  15. What we believe standars ARE today • They are necessary in public systems • They are now better than nothing • They are a filter • They are still in their infancy for e-learning (as well as in other fields…) • They are technology centred • They are too much “USA” and US provider centred – Europe has few independent providers and research groups • They are heavy, especially for content development • They are often “empty” of didactic meaning • They will prove their validity only in 3/5 years when applied to millions of people • They will help technology and learning providers, not end users, for the moment • We have to work on them Vincenzo Fortunato

  16. What we believe standards will NOT do for us • They will not solve all of our re-usability needs • They will not avoid money loss in the medium term • They will not assure the e-learning process effectiveness in the actual format • They are not “science” • They still don’t take care of geographical particularities and human capability of learning • They are not still integrated in “ambient intelligence” • They are not updated with last HW e SW technologies • They are not the final answer for comparing systems among them • We don’t have to wait for someone else to develop them for us Vincenzo Fortunato

  17. The Italian Public Administration Application Profile (IPACore) • Not to come in the next few months • It will be a simple, usable, suitable subset of the dozens specifications around • Especially for learning objects, it will have to reduce the amount of time for producing a unitary resource of learning • It will move the administrations from starting from scratch to the e-learning marketplace Vincenzo Fortunato

  18. Back-up (in italian…)

  19. Le criticità del presente (1) • Costruzione di un Profilo Applicativo “Application profiles consist of data elements drawn from one or more namespace schemas combined together by implementors and optimised for a particular local application. Application profiles are useful as they allow the implementor to declare how they are using standard schemas. In the context of working applications where there is often a difference between the schema in use and the 'standard' namespace schema.” (Heery & Patel, 2000) • Si possono usare elementi provenienti da uno o più set • Non si possono introdurre elementi inesistenti in altri set dichiarati, a meno di non creare un nuovo schema • Si possono dichiarare vocabolari e range di valori per gli elementi • Si possono raffinare in senso sematicamente più ristretto le definizioni di uno schema esistente (es. per un dominio specifico) Vincenzo Fortunato

  20. Le criticità del presente (2) “iLumina is a digital library of undergraduate teaching materials in science, mathematics, technology and engineering (SMETE) education that is being developed by Eduprise, The University of North Carolina at Wilmington (UNCW), Georgia State University, Grand Valley State, and Virginia Tech.” http://turing.bear.uncw.edu/iLumina/index.asp Vincenzo Fortunato

  21. Le criticità del presente (3) • Il Dublin Core è uno dei profili applicativi più noti, soprattutto nel settore bibliografico (“minimalista” – 15 elementi) • Ve ne sono tanti altri (vedi ad es. http://www.cancore.ca/indexen.html) • SCORM è un profilo applicativo. Non è uno standard! È, infatti, un subset di uno standard (IMS-LOM “strutturalista” – 76 elementi) • "Many vendors [have] expressed little or no interest in developing products that [are] required to support a set of meta-data with over 80 elements" Best Practices and Implementation Guide, IMS, 2000, citato da Norm Friesen al Metadata Forum 2003 Vincenzo Fortunato

  22. Le criticità del presente (4) • Costruzione di contenuti • Definizione della granularità dei LO (1-2 ore di “instructional time”?) • Valore pedagogico • Esempi Modello light Modello complesso Per progettare/sviluppare un singolo corso in modalità e-learning sono necessari: 20 giorni dell’Instructional Designer 62,5 giorni del MultiMedia Publisher e 73,75 giorni delle altre figure professionali della progettazione/sviluppo. Totale: 151,25 giorni che rapportati ad ore lavorative e divise per le ore di fruizione specifiche (50, nel caso in oggetto) portano a 25 ore di progettazione/sviluppo per 1 ora di fruizione. Lavoro del tutor: 21,88 giorni. Per progettare/sviluppare un singolo corso in modalità e-learning sono necessari: 36 giorni dell’Instructional Designer 112,5 giorni del MultiMedia Publisher 132,75 giorni delle altre figure professionali della progettazione/sviluppo. Totale: 281,25 giorni che rapportati ad ore lavorative e divise per le ore di fruizione specifiche (50, nel caso in oggetto) portano a 45 ore di progettazione/sviluppo per 1 ora di fruizione. Lavoro del tutor: 28,4 giorni. Vincenzo Fortunato

  23. I progetti tecnologici del MIT (1) Infrastruttura di contenuti e servizi di e-larning per la Pubblica Amministrazione: • Repository digitale/LCMS distribuito • Servizi LMS di rete • “Harvesting” e organizzazione di metadati • Portale unico di accesso • Elaborazione di contenuti destrutturati LCMS Vincenzo Fortunato

  24. I progetti tecnologici del MIT (2) • Si tratta, nel medio termine, di: • Fornitura remota di servizi sussidiari • scomposizione di LMS e LCMS in funzioni primarie • Interoperabilità con sistemi locali • web services • Intermediazione • validità semantica dei metadati • gestione dei Digital Rights (DRM) • Organizzazione di un Digital Learning Object Repository Network (DLORN, Downes, 2002) • Analisi della costruzione automatica dei metadati e catalogazione dei contenuti con strumenti di pattern matching (sperimentale) Vincenzo Fortunato

  25. Repository Digitale Distribuito (mod. CNIPA) Repository Digitale PA1, PA2, …, PAn Modello a Silos Modello DLORN tempo tempo spazio spazio • Riuso esteso • Indipendenza globale dalle piattaforme • Validazione (peer rewieving) • Velocità di implementazione • Economie di scala • Riuso temporale interno • Indipendenza interna dalle piattaforme • Staticità dei LO (disintermediazione) • Inefficienza globale • Moltiplicazione dei costi Caratteristiche di un DLORN vs. un DLOR Interoperabilità spazio-temporale dei LO e dei LOM http://www.oaforum.org/index.php Vincenzo Fortunato

  26. Il problema dell’informazione destrutturata • Nel mondo, ogni anno, viene prodotta informazione originale per circa 1-2 exabyte (1018 bytes), ovvero 250 megabytes/uomo (http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info/) • Internet trasmette circa 7500 Terabyte/anno di informazione digitale senza alcuna strutturazione. La maggior parte delle informazioni appartengono al “deep Internet” (da 400 a 550 volte rispetto al “surface Internet”, 19 Terabyte) • Oggi tende a crescere esponenzialmente la quantità di materia destrutturata “born digital”. Essa ha un “tasso di mortalità” superiore a quello della materia tradizionale (55 mesi,http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/url/broken_links.html) • Molta materia non digitale non viene considerata in contesti di e-learning (se non attraverso riferimenti) • I costi di digitalizzazione/indicizzazione sono molto elevati. Spesso la costruzione di metadati non viene neanche presa in considerazione • L’Italia ha un serio skill shortage per instructional designer (10.000) e catalogatori (x?) Vincenzo Fortunato

  27. Alcune evoluzioni della tecnologia • Web semantico e applicazioni per il knowledge management • Interoperabilità e integrazione di applicazioni attraverso web services • Open source e applications/objects sharing • GRID, P2P e Mobile Networking • Pattern matching e indicizzazione automatica di contenuti destrutturati • Metadata harvesting • Strumenti per la cooperazione nell’apprendimento e costruttivismo • Digital Rights Management Vincenzo Fortunato

  28. Pattern matching e indicizzazione automatica di contenuti destrutturati • È una tecnologia che ha molteplici applicazioni “intelligenti”. Nell’e-learning ha già un’applicazione come e-teacher (http://wwwis.win.tue.nl/2L690) • Alcuni algoritmi matematici (es. la teoria dell'informazione di Claude Shannon), unitamente ad alcune tecniche di analisi di dati digitali (anche audio e video) consentono l’estrazione automatica di informazioni rilevanti • Il passo successivo è l’indicizzazione dei contenuti attraverso la costruzione automatica di metadati • Il processo iterativo di ricerca e ordinamento, attraverso agenti software, consente il raffinamento dei risultati • Schemi di metadati non corrispondenti possono essere “accoppiati” • Ma… un’ampia sperimentazione è auspicabile www.siderean.com/dc2003/Paper23-abstract.pdf Vincenzo Fortunato

  29. Metadata harvesting • È il collezionamento automatico di informazione descrittiva da fonti distribuite (Norm Friesen, 2002) • È un settore di ricerca al quale sono interessati enti culturali (musei, archivi). Ma gli sviluppi attuali riguardano molto l’e-learning • Esiste un protocollo (Open Archive Initiative Metadata Harvesting Protocol, OAI-MHP) che consente a sistemi in rete di comunicare condividendo risorse di metadati • I sistemi possono essere definiti come Repository e Harvester. Quest’ultimo effettua la richiesta, mentre il primo “espone” i dati richiesti Vincenzo Fortunato

  30. Strumenti per la cooperazione nell’apprendimento e costruttivismo Le Assunzioni del Costruttivismo • La conoscenza viene costruita a partire dall’esperienza • L’apprendimento è un’interpretazione personale del mondo • L’apprendimento è un processo attivo nel quale il significato è sviluppato sulla base dell’esperienza • La costruzione dei concetti nasce dalla negoziazione dei significati,dalla condivisione di prospettive multiple e dal cambiamento delle nostre rappresentazioni interne attraverso l’apprendimento collaborativo • L’apprendimento dovrebbe essere situato in contesti realistici; il processo di valutazione dovrebbe essere integrato con gli obiettivi e non essere considerato come attività a se stante (Merrill, 1991, in Smorgansbord, 1997) Vincenzo Fortunato

  31. Digital Rights Management • La gestione dei diritti digitali è un contesto complesso in rapida evoluzione. Riguarda principalmente la protezione della proprietà intellettuale dei contenuti digitali. Nella fase attuale, le tecnologie di protezione hanno prodotto sistemi proprietari (es. eBook e il Digital Asset Server di Microsoft) • Nei sistemi di rete (e dunque nei repository distribuiti) il problema va risolto anche tecnologicamente, oltre che giuridicamente, anche per le amministrazioni pubbliche • Alcuni approcci vanno nella direzione del “broker” per le parti coinvolte (intermediazione dei diritti oltre il rapporto tra autore e Content Provider). È la posizione del W3C, tra gli altri • Tali soluzioni eliminano la necessità di più contratti o account ed evolvono dalla protezione all’amministrazione dei diritti Vincenzo Fortunato

  32. Proposals for the European TEL Environment • Developing the European way to TEL • Focusing on content validity and didactic strength • Digitalizing the European culture for enriching the knowledge base of European citizens through new IS technologies (electronically linking all the knowledge owners among them) • Enforcing and pushing the European TEL industry • Creating a Global European Application Profile • Bringing the European citizens to use e-learning as a form of natural breadth (making it easier to develop and use…?) Vincenzo Fortunato

  33. Conclusions • Move finally from machines to people • Take care about real learning needs: each project is a part in a more general framework • Organize and manage single projects strictly • Leverage TEL to the highest dignity, as a base for future economic development • Create the European vision: TEL is a component of our culture? Vincenzo Fortunato

  34. Vincenzo Fortunato MIT/Inovazione Italia Director New Initiatives v.fortunato@governo.it vfortunato@sviluppoitalia.it Vincenzo Fortunato

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