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The 4 Macromolecules of Life

The 4 Macromolecules of Life. Objective: B2 - Compare the structures & functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids & their organization into long complex molecules. 1 - Carbohydrates. Contain ONLY carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Main source of energy

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The 4 Macromolecules of Life

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  1. The 4 Macromolecules of Life Objective: B2 - Compare the structures & functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids & their organization into long complex molecules

  2. 1 - Carbohydrates • Contain ONLY carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Main source of energy • Include mono-, di-, and polysaccharide • Examples: • sugars (cellulose, fructose, sucrose, etc.) • starches (potatoes, bread, rice, pasta, etc.) • End in “ose” • Plants and some animals use for structural purposes C6H12O6 Glucose monomer (monosaccharide) Starch polymer (polysaccharide)

  3. Etymology • Monosaccharide: mono- (Gk. MONOS, single/one) + -saccharide (L. SACCHARUM, sugar) • Disaccharide: di- (Gk. DI, two) + -saccharide (sugar) • Polysaccharide: poly- (Gk. POLUS, many) + -saccharide (sugar) • Glucose: (Gk. GLUKUS, sweet) • Fructose: fruct- (L. FRUCTUS, fruit) + -ose (Fr. -OSE, carbohydrate or sugar) • Sucrose: sucr- (Fr. SUCRE, sugar) + -ose (sugar) • Lactose: lact- (L. LACT-, milk) + -ose (sugar)

  4. 2 - Lipids • Mostly carbon, hydrogen with some oxygen • Used to store energy • Helps animals conserve heat • Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, butter • Important parts of cell membranes & waterproof coverings • Made of 1 glycerol & fatty acids • Has a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end Lipid polymer Fatty Acid monomer polymer

  5. Etymology • Lipids: (Gk. LIPOS, fat) • Hydrophilic: hydro- (water) + -philic or -phile (Gk. PHILOS, loving) • Hydrophobic: hydro- (water) + -phobic (Gk. PHOBOS, fear)

  6. 3 – Proteins (polypeptides) • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and NITROGEN • Made of long chains of amino acids • Held together with peptide bonds • Control rate of reactions, Regulate cell processes, Form bones & muscles, Part of cell transport, Help fight disease • Enzymes Protein polymer Amino Acid monomer

  7. Etymology • Peptide: (Gk. PEPTEIN, to digest) • Polypeptide: poly- (many) + -peptide (to digest) • Monomer: mono- (one) + -mer (part) • Polymer: poly- (many) + -mer (part)

  8. 4 - Nucleic Acids • Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, NITROGEN, and PHOSPHOROUS • Polymers made from monomers called NUCLEOTIDES, which is made of a • 5 carbon sugar • Phosphate group • Nitrogenous base Nucleotide monomer DNA polymer • Store and transmit genetic info for making proteins • Examples • DNA & RNA (our heredity)

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