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Unit 4. Macromolecules

Unit 4. Macromolecules. Introduction. Macromolecules are polymers made through dehydration synthesis (reaction that removes a molecule of water). Examples of macromolecules are: Carbohydrates – sugars Proteins- amino acids Lipids- fatty acids and glycerol Nucleic acids – nucleotides.

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Unit 4. Macromolecules

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  1. Unit 4. Macromolecules

  2. Introduction • Macromolecules are polymers made through dehydration synthesis (reaction that removes a molecule of water). • Examples of macromolecules are: • Carbohydrates – sugars • Proteins- amino acids • Lipids- fatty acids and glycerol • Nucleic acids – nucleotides

  3. Carbohydrates • Composed of monosaccharaides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. • Monosaccharaides: simple sugars that contain a ratio of C:H:O of 1:2:1 • Examples glucose, fructose and galactose • Disaccharides: composed of 2 monosaccharaides • Examples sucrose, maltose and lactose • Polysaccharides: chain of 3 or more monosaccharaides. • Starch, glycogen and cellulose

  4. Benedict’s test for simple sugars • Sugars with free carbonyl groups are called reducing sugars. • They cause the copper (Cu ²⁺) in the Benedict’s reagent to become reduced (gain electrons) to form Cu ¹⁺, forming Cu₂O . • The reaction occurs when the mixture is heated to 100 °C. Before the addition of Benedict’s reagent water glucose sucrose starch milk apple juice potato

  5. After the addition of the Benedict’s reagent • After the application of heat for 3 minutes. RESULTS: Blue= negative Red = high concentration Orange and yellow = medium concentration Green = low concentration Water glucose sucrose starch milk apple potato juice juice - + - - + + +

  6. Iodine test for Starch • Starch is a polysaccharide consisting of many glucose monomers linked together into long branching chains. It is the primary storage carbohydrate in plants. In the presence of iodine (I₂-KI) a solution containing starch will turn blue-black in color. • The test tube rack contains substances to be tested. water glucose sucrose starch milk apple potato juice juice

  7. Results Blue-black = positive Yellow= negative water glucose sucrose starch milk apple potato juice juice

  8. Lipids • Some water, 10 drops of oil, 5 drops of Sudan IV were added to a tube. • Detergent water was added to the test tube and mixed. Detergent is an emulsifier. It surrounds the oil droplets and allows them to stay suspended in the water. The suspended oil droplets stained with Sudan IV give color to the solution. This is an emulsion. • After the test tube sits, the oil will separate from the water.

  9. Proteins • In the presence of proteins, biuret reagent reacts with the peptide bonds between the amino acids changing in color from light blue to violet. The intensity of the violet color is proportional to the protein concentration. Biuret reagent does not react with free amino acids. Solutions tested for proteins

  10. Results Light blue= negative Violet = positive End

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