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Biochemistry

Biochemistry. The Chemical Composition of Living Matter. Two principal Classes of Compounds Found in the Body. organic compounds inorganic compounds. Organic Compounds. contain carbon and hydrogen

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Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry The Chemical Composition of Living Matter

  2. Two principal Classes of Compounds Found in the Body • organic compounds • inorganic compounds

  3. Organic Compounds • contain carbon and hydrogen - carbon is a unique element because it has 4 electrons in valence shell enabling it to combine with many different atoms -large, covalently bonded molecules • Examples: - carbohydrates,proteins,nucleic acids

  4. Inorganic Compounds • lack hydocarbons • smaller simpler molecules • Examples: - water, oxygen, carbon dioxide salts, some acids and bases

  5. Water • most important - 2/3 body weight Why is water so vital? • high heat capacity • excellent solvent • important reactant • lubricant • protective • transportation

  6. Salt • most plentiful body salts contain calcium and phosphorus • found mostly in bone and teeth • ions of salts provide essential chemical elements • Example: - ionic calcium (Ca++) - essential for nerve impulses

  7. Acids • electrolytes • compounds which ionize and dissociate in H20 liberating hydrogen ions (H+) • conduct electrical current • sour taste • dissolve and burn

  8. Bases • electrolytes • any molecule which can combine with hydrogen ions • proton (H+) acceptors • help maintain stable pH of body fluids • bitter taste, feel slippery • Example: - sodium bicarbonate

  9. pH Scale • based on the number of hydrogen ions is solution • measure of acid or base level • 0- 6.9 acid • 7.1-14 base • at pH 7 hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are equal (neutral)

  10. pH scale 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 increasingly acidic neutral (7) increasingly basic (alkaline)

  11. 0 1 2 Lemon juice, gastric juice (pH 2) 3 4Tomato juice (pH 4.2) 5 6Urine pH 5-8, saliva, milk (pH 6.5) 7 Distilled water (H 7), Human blood; semen (pH 7.4) 8 Egg white (pH 8) 9 10 Milk of magnesia (pH 10.5) 11 12 Ammonia (pH 11.5-11.9) 13 14 The pH scale acidic basic

  12. Organic Compounds • contain carbon and hydrogen • carbon molecules react with many other carbon atoms to form large chains and rings with different molecules • 2-3% of total body weight

  13. Carbohydrates • are sugars or starches • provide most of the energy used by cells • some carbohydrates are converted into other substances which are used to build structures and to generate ATP. • if not used immediately for ATP synthesis carbohydrates are converted into fat or glycogen

  14. Carbohydrates (cont.) • monosaccharides - simple sugar - glucose, fructose, galactose • disaccharides - double sugar - maltose, sucrose, and lactose • polysaccharides - many sugars - glycogen, hyaluronic acid, (provides for energy for sperm) and condroitin sulfate

  15. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) • provides chemical energy • necessary for life processes • energy is released as glucose and stored in bonds of ATP • when bonds are broken down (hydrolysis) energy can then be used

  16. Lipids • organic compounds • 18%-25% of body weight • fewer covalent bonds • most are insoluble in H2O • fat-marbled meats, egg yolks, milk, oils

  17. Lipids (cont.) • neutral fats (triglycerides) - most common in the body - all excess food is converted into triglycerides and stored in fat cells (adipose tissue) as an energy source - adipose tissue insulates and protects organs

  18. Lipids (cont.) • phospholipids (compound lipids) - contain phosphorus - interact with H2O - major component of cell membranes - help in transport of lipids in plasma - found in high concentrations in nerves and brain tissue

  19. Lipids (cont.) • steroids - cholesterol is most important molecule in steroids - sex hormones, cortisol, bile salts, and vitamin D

  20. Proteins • complex in structure • composed of amino acids • larger range of functions than carbohydrates and lipids • normal lean adult is 12 -18% proteins

  21. Functions of Proteins • structural - collagen fibers are found in connective tissues,keratinis in hair and skin • regulatory - many hormones that regulate are proteins • contractile - actin and myosin are protein filaments found in all muscle cells

  22. Functions of Proteins (cont.) • immunological - antibodies are proteins • transport - hemoglobin carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, lipoproteins carry lipids • catalytic - enzymes alter rate of reactions

  23. Functional Proteins • antibodies - bind with and inactivate bacteria, toxins, and viruses - function in immune response - help protect body from foreign substances

  24. Functional Proteins (cont.) • hormones - help regulate growth and development - insulin - regulates blood sugar levels - guide neuron growth

  25. Functional Proteins (cont.) • transport proteins - hemoglobin transport of oxygen in blood - iron transport

  26. Functional Proteins (cont.) • contractile proteins - aid in muscle contraction and body movement - aid in cell division, movement and sperm propulsion toward the egg

  27. Functional Proteins (cont.) • catalyst (enzymes) - essential to almost every biochemical reaction in the body - increase rate of chemical reactions

  28. Nucleic Acids

  29. Nucleic Acids • make up genes which provide blueprint for life • determine organism type • direct growth and development • dictate protein structure • composed of C, O, H, N, and Ph • largest biological molecules in the body

  30. Nucleotides • nucleotides are building blocks (monomers) of nucleic acids formed by C,O,H,N, and P, which are bound together • Three main parts: - nitrogenous base (organic base) - a phosphate group - a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

  31. Two Major Types of Nucleic Acids • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • RNA (ribonucleic acid)

  32. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • genetic material found in cell nucleus • replicates self before cell divides ensuring genetic material in every cell is identical • provides instruction for every protein building block in the body

  33. DNA (cont.) • long double chain of nucleotides • held together by hydrogen bonds • ladder-like molecule • entire molecule is coiled into a spiral structure called a double helix

  34. DNA

  35. RNA (ribonucleic acid) • located outside nucleus • single nucleotide strand • carries out orders of DNA • three types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA) - transfer RNA (tRNA) - ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

  36. Messenger RNA(mRNA) • 5% of RNA • carries information from nucleus to the cytosol • it is used as template for protein synthesis

  37. Transfer RNA(tRNA) • 15% of RNA • carries specific amino acids to rRNA attached to ribosomes

  38. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • 80% of RNA • a component of the ribosomes - ribosomes are structures that are the site of protein synthesis

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