Presentation Transcript

1. Chapt. 16

   Toward Civil War
2. Political Conflict Over Slavery Since the creation of the country, Slavery had been a divisive issue for all the colonies. Most in the North, especially the Quakers, believed Slavery should be abolished where as most in the South, whose economy depended on Slavery, were against abolishment of the practice. Over and over, the government had made compromises which allowed the country to put off dealing with the issue: During the Constitutional Congress, the government had allowed each state to decide as to whether slavery should be allowed or not. Each time a new state (slave or non-slave state) was proposed to be added to the country, it had to wait for an opposite state to also be proposed to maintain the balance between slave or non-slave states. A good example of this was the Missouri Compromise which allowed Missouri be added as a slave state and Maine be added as a non-slave state. It also allowed Slavery to exist below the 36°30’ line (Southern Border of Missouri) in the Louisiana Purchase. The Florida was not added to the US until 6 years after it applied for statehood. It had to wait for Iowa to join as a non-slave state before it could be added to the Union as a Slave state.
3. Political Parties: Election of 1848 Heated debate also occurred over whether slavery was to be admitted in new territories (California, New Mexico, Texas) gained from Mexico. Some politicians pushed for laws banning slavery, some pushed for laws allowing it. During the presidential election of 1848, candidates couldn’t even speak about the issue because they knew ALL political parties that existed (Democrats and Whigs) were being divided by the question of slavery. There was only one political party that was, as a whole, against slavery. They were known as the “Free Soil Party” and their slogan was “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor and Free Men.” (Jacksonian) Democrats Small Government States Rights Against the Federal Government getting involved in the economies of the states Development of the economy through the Agrarian Life Style Nominated Senator Lewis Cass for President (J.Q. Adams) Whig Party (had many people who were Democratic Republicans) Big Government Development of the US Economy by the Federal Government making “internal improvements” such as canals, rivers, and roads Nominated Zachory Taylor (Mexican-American War Hero) for President Free Soil Party Opposed Slavery Chose Martin van Buren for president (Jackson’s VP and Secretary of State before he was the 8th president of the US)
4. Compromise of 1850 (for California) To allow California to be admitted to the US as a Non-Slave State, politicians agreed to a compromise which contained these provisions: California would be a slave state but other new territories would have NO limitations in as far as slavery Buying and selling slaves would be illegal in Washington D.C. (Ownership of slaves would still be legal, just buying and selling in D.C. would be illegal) Fugitive Slave Act- anyone who helped a fugitive (runaway) slave could be fined or imprisoned. In response to this many abolitionist Americans worked together to free slaves using any means possible, some legal some not. People gave money to buy the freedom for some slaves People worked together in creating a network of escape routes and safe-houses for slaves that runaway. What was the name of this network of people and safe houses? The Underground Railroad
5. It Started with a Compromise Kansas-Nebraska Act The Question of Slavery in the Territories still existed until 1854 when US Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois submitted a bill to organize the regions west of Missouri and Iowa as the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. Both were north of the 36°30’ line which was established by the Missouri Compromise. Anything north of the line were free territories/states since the Missouri Compromise in 1820. This act angered southern people and politicians because it would create more free territories and change the free-state/slave-state balance. As a compromise to southerners, Douglas recommended that the Missouri Compromise be repealed and allow the people living in the territories vote on the slavery issue. Otherwise known as “Popular Sovereignty”. What does Popular Sovereignty mean? Northerners protested the compromise because slavery would be allowed in a territory that was “free” for years. Southerners of course supported it knowing that most people who moved to those areas were from the south. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854
6. “Bleeding Kansas”/”Civil War in Kansas” When it came time to vote for or against slavery in the new territories supporters of both sides rushed to Kansas. Armed pro-slavery supporters known as “Border Ruffians” crossed the border to vote. Only 1500 voters lived in Kansas and yet during the election more than 6000 voted. The Pro-slavery group won and slavery was allowed. Slavery opponents, “Free Staters” refused to accept the laws, armed themselves, held their own elections, and adopted a constitution banning slavery. By January 1856, Kansas had two rival governments. In May 1856, pro-slavery “Border Ruffians” attacked the town of Lawrence which was an important location for anti-slavery “Free Stater” forces. Free Stater forces, led by an abolitionist named John Brown retaliated and killed 5 supporters of slavery. Kansas would be split between the two governments, one Pro-Slavery the other Anti-Slavery, for years until 1861 when Kansas was finally admitted as a free state. John Brown’s attack which killed 5 Pro-Slavery supporters was in part a response to the South Carolinian Democratic House Rep. Preston Brooks’ attack on Free Soil Abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner in the US Senate. Brooks attacked Sumner because Sumner spoke badly of Brook’s uncle, a Pro-Slavery Senator, in a speech to the Senate. Sumner was not able to return to work for 3 years. The attack was heard about all around the nation.
7. Birth of the Republican Party The Political parties began to divide along sectional lines. Northern Democrats leave their party because of their Anti-Slavery beliefs. The Whig party is also divided by the slavery issue. Anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats leave their parties and form the Republican Party. In elections that followed, the new Republican Party showed strength in the North as Democrats showed strength in the south. In the next presidential election, Democrats won all southern states except Maryland and Republicans won all northern states. The Whig party (now known as Whig-American Party) won one state (Maryland).
8. 1857 Dred Scott vs. Sanford Up until 1857, slavery was never taken up by the Supreme Court. Dred Scott was a slave that was bought in Missouri (a slave state) by a doctor. He was then taken to Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory, both free states/territories, by the doctor still as a slave. Later, the doctor returned to Missouri with Scott. In 1846, anti-slavery lawyers helped Dred Scott sue for his freedom. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (Taw-Nee) ruled against Scott saying that he did not have the right to bring a lawsuit because he was not a citizen. He was someone’s property and under the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution prohibited the government from taking property without “Due Process”. Taney also wrote that the government had no power to ban slavery because the government would be taking someone’s “Property”. This ruling by the Supreme Court upheld what most Southerners believed to be true. Republicans and other anti-slavery persons were outraged and called it “a wicked and false judgment.”
9. John Brown and Harpers Ferry After the 1858 election, John Brown, who previously led Abolitionist attacks on the pro-slavery forces in Kansas (the Border Ruffians) led an attack on an arsenal in Virginia. His plan was to start slave uprisings against slave owners by arming the slaves with weapons gotten from the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Local citizens and Federal troops stopped his raid and he was tried and convicted of Treason and Murder. His response to the conviction was: “Now if…I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the end of justice and MINGLE MY BLOOD…with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded as by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments --I submit; so LET IT BE DONE.” John Brown’s statement to the Virginia Court To northerners he was a Martyr, to southerners he was proof the north (Abolitionists) were conspiring against the south.
10. Presidential Election of 1860 The Republican party won the election because all other parties were split because of slavery. But the Republican party was, as a whole wanted to maintain the slavery at it’s current level and not allow it to grow anymore. They didn’t want to abolish it, just not let it grow to the territories. Parties in the south saw the Republicans as a threat to slavery. The Union was in danger is falling apart along sectional lines, The North and the South with the West being pulled in both directions. On December 20, 1860 South Carolina was the first southern state to vote to secede from the Union. Senators in the Senate tried to protect the Union by recommending passing a series of amendments to the Constitution that would protect slavery in the South which would bring Southerners back into the Union. The 36°30’ line from the Missouri Compromise would be reinstated to protect slavery that was already in existence below the line. Republicans rejected the idea. Lincoln, who just won the election responded with, “the government shall be broken up unless we surrender to those we have beaten. Southerners also rejected all compromise. One southern leader said, ” We spit upon every plan to compromise…”. Another southern leader said, “No Human power can save the Union….”
11. The Confederacy Established In February of 1861, Texas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida joined South Carolina in seceding from the Union. Delegates from each state met to form a new nation called the Confederate States of America. They had voted in a president of their own named Jefferson Davis. Not all whites in the Southerners welcomed secession, although there was celebration in the streets by many southerners, the future leader of the Confederate Army, Virginian Robert E. Lee said, “ I only see a fearful calamity is upon us…” Some Northerners were happy the South had Seceded but President Lincoln was determined to keep the Union together. The fate of the rest of the slave states was still in question.
12. Distress Call From Fort Sumter The day after his inauguration in to office, president Lincoln received a message from the commander of Fort Sumter. A US fort on an island guarding Charleston Harbor in Charleston, South Carolina . The Fort was low on supplies and the Confederates had demanded its surrender. Lincoln promised supplies to be sent by an unarmed force. On April 12, 1861, before those supplies reached Fort Sumter, the Confederate President, Jefferson Davis had ordered that it be attacked with artillery and canon fire until it surrendered. Abner Doubleday, a Union captain, witnessed the attack from inside the fort, “Showers of balls….and shells poured into the fort in one incessant stream, causing great flakes of masonry to fall in all directions.” No one died from the attack. Lincoln issued a call for troops and many volunteers quickly signed up. In reaction to Lincoln’s call for action, Tennessee, Virginia, Arkansas, and North Carolina joined the confederacy. The American Civil War had just begun.
13. Chapt. 17 The Civil War
14. Division in the Border States For most states, choosing a side was easy. But for border states such as Missouri, Delaware, Kentucky, and Maryland the sides were bitterly divided. The North’s capital was Washington D.C.. The South’s capital was Richmond Virginia. The Border States was extremely important to the Union and Lincoln worked hard to keep them in the Union.
15. The Goals of War Each side had different goals in fighting the Civil War. The Confederacy wanted to be an independent nation. To achieve this goal, they did not have to invade the north. All they had to do was to fight hard enough and long enough to convince northerners that the war was not worth its cost. The North wanted to restore the Union which meant its forces would have to invade the South and force the breakaway states to give up their fight. Who had a harder fight? The North had a much larger population and more resources than the South. The South had much stronger Military Leaders (Robert E. Lee), and a stronger fighting spirit or motivation to fight. Most of the was fought in the South so the Confederacy had an advantage in knowledge of the land. Robert E. Lee Jefferson Davis
16. War Strategies The North (The Anaconda Plan) This plan, created by General Winnfield Scott, was meant to squeeze the Confederacy into submitting. The North would have to completely defeat the South. First The Union would blockade all southern ports which would keep all supplies from reaching the confederacy and all exporting of products (largely cotton) in the south would stop. The economy suffered immensely. Second, the North wanted to control the Mississippi River to divided the Confederacy in two and cut supply lines between all of its states. The Union also wanted to capture Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. The South The South planned a defensive war. They would hold and protect land with the hopes of tiring the North into quitting the fight. They also hoped to bring in Britain and France to pressure the north into quitting the fight. Britain and France’s economies were affected negatively when Southern cotton was cut off by the North.
17. The People of the Armies The Civil war turned brother against brother. One Kentucky Senator had two sons who were generals, one on the Confederate Side and the other in the Union. Mary Todd Lincoln, Abe Lincoln’s wife had family members who were in the Confederate army. Men of all ages enlisted in the armies. Tens of thousands of soldiers were younger than 18 and some were younger than 14. To get into the army, most teenagers either ran away from home or lied about their ages. At the beginning of the war, African Americans were not allowed into either army. Northerners feared they would not be accepted by white soldiers and Southerners feared giving weapons to enslaved people. Not until the final and most desperate days had the Confederate Army started arming African Americans to fight on the Confederate side. By the summer of 1861, the Confederate army had 112,000 soldiers who were sometimes called “Rebels” and the Union had 187,000 soldiers who were sometimes called “Yankees”. By the end of the war about 900,000 soldiers had fought for the Confederacy and 2.1 million had fought for the Union. The Union army had just under 200,000 African Americans. About 10,000 Mexican Americans had also served on either side of the war. Watch: “The North and the South Mobilize for War”
18. First Battle of Bull Run The first major battle occurred near a small river called Bull Run. Many spectators from Washington D.C. watched the battle from a few miles away. Both sides were inexperienced. Yankees at first drove the Rebels back but the Confederates than rallied back under the leadership of Thomas Jackson. Jackson was named “Stonewall” Jackson after this for holding his position “like a stone wall”. The Rebels unleashed a savage counter attack that broke the Union lines and sent the Union troops retreating into the spectator civilians who were watching from miles behind. This loss forced the North to realize that the war could be long and difficult. Battles in the West Union goals in the West was to control the Mississippi River which would disable the Confederate ability to re-supply the eastern states. Battles for the rivers would begin in February 1862. General Ulysses S. Grant and Naval Commander Andrew Foote would win important naval victories. Grant would later become leader of the Union Army. Early Years of the War
19. Battle of the Ironclads The Union had abandoned a damaged Frigate called the Merrimack.. The Confederates rebuilt the wooden ship and covered it in iron and was armed with 10 guns. It was renamed the VIRGINIA. It attacked and defeated many Union ships on March 8, 1862 in the Chesapeake Bay. Union shells bounced off the iron armor. Many Union generals feared the VIRGINIA would steam up the Potomac River and attack Washington D.C. The Union built it’s own “Ironclad” called the “Monitor”. The Monitor rushed south to meet the Virginia on March 9, 1862. Neither Ironclad won the battle. The Monitor
20. Union Victories in the West The Battle of Shiloh Grant and 40,000 troops headed south toward Corinth, Mississippi. More troops would join them at Shiloh Church, 20 miles away from Corinth. Confederates decided to attack before more Union soldiers would come. Over the course of just 2 days, both sides suffered more than 23,000 casualties (killed, injured, captured, or missing). The Union, captured Corinth Mississippi on May 30, Memphis Tennessee on June 6, and New Orleans Louisiana on April 25.
21. Confederate Victories in the East In 1862, the Confederate army won man victories under the leadership of Generals Robert E. Lee and “Stonewall” Jackson. Both men knew the land well and were both effective at motivating their troops. The Union wanted to capture Richmond, Virginia but failed at many attempts with different Generals. Union general George McClellan lost at the “Seven Days Battle” near Richmond Virginia, General John Pope lost at the second battle at Bull Run close to Manassas Virginia, General Ambrose Burnside lost at Fredericksburg Virginia. In May 1863, Rebel General Lee won a battle against a Union army that was twice the size of this own at Chancellorsville, Virginia. These defeats lowered the morale of the Union side immensely. The South Goes on Offense Lee was encouraged by Confederate President Jefferson Davis to invade northern territory. Lee then attacked into western Maryland where he split his army into four parts to confuse Union General McClellan. Each part would move in different directions but his plan never had a chance to work because a Confederate officer lost his copy of the orders and they were then discovered Union soldiers. Although McClellan knew Lee’s plans, he did not attack immediately which gave Lee time to gather his troops. On September 17, 1862 both sides met in the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg Maryland. The Union would win but the battle was the deadliest battle of the war with over 6,000 soldiers of both sides dead and about 17,000 injured. The Bloodiest Day in the History of US Warfare
22. The Emancipation Proclamation Initially to Lincoln, the war was NOT about ending slavery but about keeping the Union together. Lincoln and other Northerners were initially hesitant to outright end slavery because they did not want to lose the border states (Missouri, Delaware, Kentucky, and Maryland). But abolitionists pointed out that slavery was the root of the divisions between the North and the South. Also, abolitionists argued that if Lincoln were to make the war about slavery, Britain and France would be less willing to support the South. Both Britain and France had already outlawed slavery in their own lands. On January 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation officially freed all enslaved people in rebel territory. The Constitution does not give Lincoln the power to end slavery but it did give him power to take property from an enemy during a time of war. By law, enslaved people were considered to be property. "I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper. . . . If my name ever goes into history it will be for this act, and my whole soul is in it." —Abraham Lincoln, 1863
23. Jail Without Trial During the course of the war, Lincoln had to deal with many opponents to the war in the North. In times of war, the Constitution allows presidents to suspend Habeas Corpus. This is the part of the Constitution that grants anyone arrested the Right to Trial. The Government must show reason for jailing any US citizen. This is only possible in situations of the US being invaded or rebellion. Lincoln jailed many people without official reason and did not have to say why. Many of the jailed persons were likely traitors to the Union but many were just citizens exercising their right to Freedom of Speech. Confederate President Jefferson Davis had also suspended Habeas Corpus in the south. Draft Laws for Both Sides Both sides had trouble getting troops to sign up for the war. The South Had a draft at first required all able bodied men of 18-35 to serve for 3 years. Later it was ages 17-50. A few exceptions existed though, a man with enough money could hire a substitute to serve for him. Later, a man with 20 or more enslaved people did not have to serve. The North At first the North offered a bounty, or sum of money to anyone to sign up. In March 1863, the Union also passed a draft law. Men aged 20-45 had to register for the draft. As in the south, a man could avoid the draft by hiring a substitute or paying $300 dollars. In both the North and the South, the war was known as “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”. Riots had occurred at draft announcements in the north.
24. Confederate Leadership vs. Union Leadership The Union had many advantages in size of force, supplies, equipment, and ability to re-supply. But for the first few years of the war it didn’t matter because the north had poor leadership. The Confederate leadership had knowledge of the land in the east and were better able to motivate their soldiers. In battle after battle, the Union’s forces were almost twice the size of the Confederate armies of Lee and Jackson in eastern battles such as Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville but in each the Confederate army was victorious. The Union had gone through 3 Supreme commanders of their forces until they finally were led to victory by Lincoln’s 4th choice of Ulysses S. Grant who was successful in western battles. After the Battle of Antietam, the failed Confederate offensive in Maryland and the deadliest single day battle in the history of the US, Lincoln replaced the first Supreme Commander George B. McClelland for failing to follow orders. Lincoln ordered McClellan to chase Confederate General Lee and destroy his forces but McClellan hesitated even though Lincoln had ordered him to. McClellan was a good organizer of the army but not good at making battlefield decisions for the fear of more of his soldiers dying. Do you think he made the right decision? Fredericksburg December 13, 1862 (Confederate’s win because of better tactics) McClellan is replaced by General Ambrose Burnside. Burnside takes the Union eastern army on the path to capture Richmond, Virginia but Lee has his soldiers dig trenches in the hills of the south of Fredericksburg. Lee’s forces had the high ground which gave them the advantage and delivers heavy casualties to the Union army. Burnside retreats and later resigns, the second Supreme Field Commander of the Union Army in less than a year.
25. Chancellorsville Again, the Union army, led by General Joseph Hooker, had an army that was twice the size of the Confederate army led by General Robert E. Lee. Lee split his forces into two smaller armies. Lee’s army attacked the middle of Hooker’s army, and “Stonewall” Jackson’s army attacked the Flank (side) of Hooker’s Union army. Hooker’s army was caught in the middle of two very fierce attacks and they were forced to withdraw even though they had a much larger force. Chancellorsville was an important victory for the Confederate army but was very costly as General “Stonewall” Jackson was fired on by Confederate soldiers by mistake. His arm had to be amputated on the field. He caught Pneumonia and died afterwards. The morale of his soldiers fell immensely and the South had lost a great leader.
26. The Tide Turns The Battle of Gettysburg The Confederate Army had momentum after their victory at the Battle of Chancellorsville. They planned to convince Britain and France to help them out in the war if they could win another battle, much like the Patriots sought out help from European countries during the Revolutionary war. The French and British missed the cotton that used to come out of the South before the war started. Possibly one of the most important battles of the Civil War started by accident. Lee and his army did not want to fight in unfamiliar territory but Lee’s army had stumbled upon the Union army in a small town in Pennsylvania called Gettysburg. The first day of the Battle was July 1, 1863. General George Meade was the third person to lead the Union Army (Army of the Potomac). Wave after wave, Meade and his army help their positions against the Confederate Army. The next day Lee orders attacks to “create panic and virtually destroy the Union army.” The Confederates ordered almost 140 cannons to fire on Union lines. Then, Confederate General George Pickett led thousands of Confederate Troops in an attack across open land making them easy targets to shoot at and directly in the line of fire. This disastrous attack was remembered as “Pickett’s Charge”. In the end, half of those who started the attack either lay dead or wounded on the ground. The Battle lasted nearly four days. The Confederate army suffered 25,000 casualties and the Union- the victors- had suffered 23,000 casualties. The loss at the Battle of Gettysburg ended the Confederates’ hope of getting help from either Britain or France.
27. The West Falls to the Union On the same day that Lee loses Gettysburg to General Meade’s Union forces, Vicksburg, Mississippi in the west also falls to the Union. A few days after Vicksburg, Mississippi falls to the Union, Port Hudson in Louisiana also falls to the Union. The use of the Mississippi river is now cut off to the southern states and the Confederates states are divided into two. Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas are now cut off from the rest of the Confederacy. On November 19, 1863 officials and citizens gather to dedicate the Soldier’s National Cemetery at Gettysburg. For governor of Massachusetts, Edward Everett makes a two hour speech. After Everett’s speech, Lincoln makes a two minute speech which would be later known as the Gettysburg address. No one remembers Everett’s two hour speech but Lincoln’s two minute speech was one of the US’s most acclaimed speech’s by a politician. “These dead shall not have died in vain….Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish on the earth.” ---from the Gettysburg Address
28. By 1864, Union forces had the South surrounded, Union ships blocked the Confederate Coast and the Mississippi river. The South’s chances of turning things around were slim to none and yet they still refused to surrender. Lincoln relieved General Meade of his command after Meade hesitated to attack the remnants of Lee’s army. Even after the Confederates were clearly weakened, Meade hesitated to comply with Lincoln’s orders because he didn’t see more of his soldiers die in battle. Lincoln knew that he needed a General who wasn’t afraid to attack “at all costs”. Lincoln finally appoints General Ulysses S. Grant to lead the army of the Potomac. During the presidential election of 1864, the Confederacy hoped that Lincoln would lose and a new president wouldn’t want to continue fighting. Lincoln won another term as president and continues to press the war. Finally, Lincoln found in Union Leader of the Potomac Ulysses S. Grant someone who would not be afraid to fight at all costs knowing that he would have to break the fighting spirit of the south to win. Grant leads his forces to attack Petersburg, Va. And then Richmond Virginia. The Confederacy know they had no hope of . Once this was clear, William Tecumseh Sherman was sent with his army into the deep south with orders to burn almost all of Atlanta, all farms, and buildings leaving nothing standing. Union troops took food, tore up railroad lines and fields and killed livestock. General Sherman’s march was called “Sherman’s March to the Sea” and it was part of a strategy that is called “Total War”. Total War involves destroying not only the enemy’s army, but also its land and people. Sherman hoped that by bringing the horrors of war to the southern population, he could help end the war. How is this similar to the US dropping Atomic Bombs on Japan? The Union Closes In
29. Richmond Falls In March 1865, the Confederate government starts to flee Southward as Richmond, Va. Falls to the Union army of the Potomac. Lee felt as though he should keep fighting but then the Union captured a train carrying food for starving troops and the Union had completely surrounded Lee’s army. Lee knew it was over. A Formal Meeting at Appomattox Court Houseu The formal end to the war came on April 9, 1865. Grant met Lee at a small Virginia town called Appomattox Court House where they both discussed the terms of the surrender. Grant allowed Lee’s officers to keep their small arms and he gave 25,000 rations (food) to Lee’s starving army. Grant also allowed Lee’s army to all go home without being further attacked. Both Grant and Lee knew the war was over. Although the war led to the freeing of all enslaved people, the Civil War was only the beginning for the African American fight for full rights as US citizens.
30. LAST ONE OF THE YEAR!!!!