Common errors 03

1. Common errors 03

2. Contents: • Common confused words • Common mistakes • Enumeration • Structures of comparison • Structures of contrast • Cause-effect development

3. Common confused words

8. rather than vs. instead of • Many young people today work hard to travel around the world ________having children ,or even starting a family. (a) instead of (b) rather than instead of + V / -ing “代替...”.“而不...”...rather than 前後須等態.等詞性 "寧可..."."倒不如...“ 帶有選擇語氣...Many young people today work hard to travel around the world rather than to have children, or even to start a family.

12. Common mistakes

13. that you can light made unlike It is difficult for children something to drink get paid expect too much from me left through Find mistakes 1. I recommend you to take a long vacation. 2. It was still bright outside. 3. Who cooked this salad ? 4. Different from me, she is proficient in English. 5. Little children are difficult to understand that. 6. Would you like a drink ? 7. I get my salary twice a month. 8. Don't expect me too much. 9. I forget my hat in the house. 10. The thief got in from the window. http://www.englishdaily626.com/c-mistakes.php

14. have any main or at home behind That is Keep to about an hour late in set isn’t running a friend of mine 11. Give me money, if you have. 12. The head office is in Taipei. 13. He cannot read and write. 14. Are you home tomorrow? 15. Please wait inside the white line. 16. That was a traffic accident on my way here. It is why I was late. 17. Keep the right. 18. The train was late about an hour. 19. What a dirty face ! Look at the mirror. 20. He made a world record. 21. My watch doesn't move at all. I must get it checked up. 22. While walking along the street, I met my friend.

15. a nice pair of shoes taken in your book to page 20 black room tender will sell her tea strong I don’t think it will 23. Here is a pair of nice shoes. 24. Is this seat empty? 25. I am going to take a two-year course of English. 26. Open page 20 of your book. 27. I like to paint this door to black. 28. Is there any place for me in the car? 29. This steak is soft. 30. His new book will be sold well. 31. My mother likes to drink thick tea. 32. I think it will not rain tomorrow.

16. watching superior than higher than that in Korea Simpson does trains I found it very difficult he said for 33. We changed our train at Woodland. 34. I don't know what did he say. 35. I bought this book with 50 dollars. 36. This film is worth being watched. 37. The quality of these products is more superior than that of the others. 38. The living standard in Japan is higher than Korea. 39. Charles loves Angel more than Simpson. 40. I felt very difficult to deal with this physics problem.

17. some advice damage Compared boiled Kept you waiting watching going detailed in detail details 41. Would you give me some advices before I go to the interview. 42. Typhoon has caused widespread damages to the crops. 43. Comparing with that in Singapore, the living standard in Hong Kong is very high. 44. It is more hygenic to drink boiling water. 45. I am sorry to have kept you waited. 46. I am used to watch television with the light on. 47. After dinner, my mother suggested to go for a walk. 48. Please give me a detail description of the robbery. 49. You should describe what has happened detailly. 50. I want to know the detail of the plan.

18. under It was not possible to shows below use According to 51. The fungus exhibited significant growth on the both conditions. 52. We couldn't separate the extracellular extract. 53. Fig.4 is shown how the rotor dimensions and operation conditions affect on mastication of natural rubber. 54. This month’s sales are listed as below: 55. Can I borrow your bathroom? 56. Based on the government, the economy will improve this year. ( What WE DID is not important -- What WAS DONE is important.) “based on” facts or ideas that you want to talk about. “according to” = as stated by.

19. as follows In addition decreased research study In “as the following”, “following” is an adjective and needs to modify a noun. e.g. As the following factors show, it’s better for us to keep our price. As the following reasons, I recommend improving your writing skills. 57. Our suggestion is as the following: 58. We need paper. Besides, we need some toner. 59. The consumption rate was decreased last year. 60. We did a market research last year already. Use “besides” when adding more ideas, but “in addition to” add related elements to a sequence. We can’t use “decrease” in the passive voice unless there is something or somebody causing the decrease. e.g. The unemployment rate dropped / fell to 3.21% last month. The number of students per class will be decreased to 15 next year.

20. Enumeration • A writer starts with a general class, then proceeds to break it down by listing some or all of its members or parts. Member or part Member or part General class Member or part Member or part

21. Listing signals (1) First, there are … Second, Third, Last, (2) The first kind / type / step is… The second (Another) The third (The next) The last (The final)

22. More important Less important (3) Descending order - To mention the most important one first. most essential most important primary largest chief kind is… reason is… The

23. Example: My chief reason for choosing that university was its wonderful study program in agriculture. Second, Bingston hires only the finest teachers to teach in its graduate program. Then, there was Bingston’s deferred payment plan; this represented a great convenience to my parents. A final reason was the reasonable tuition.

24. Less important More important (4) Ascending order - The last item is the most important. - To emphasize the importance. most essential most important primary largest chief But the kind is… reason is… The kind, however, is… reason, however, is… Finally, and most importantly, there is

25. Example: There are several reasons why I decided to attend Bingston University. First of all, the tuition was reasonable. Second, the university had a deferred payment plan; this represented a great convenience to my parents. Another reason was the fact that Bingston hires only the finest of teachers to teach in its graduate program. My chief reason, however, was Bingston’s mandatory study program in argriculture.

26. Structures of comparison

27. somewhat / rather / very / quite (degree of similarity) Structure 1 - adj. / prep. Kennedy was killed on the same day of the week as Lincoln. (adj) (prep) • same…as • similar to… • like… exactly / almost / practically (degree of similarity) Kennedy’s death was similarto Lincoln’s in that they both died in office. (adj) (prep) Kennedy’s death was like Lincoln’s. (prep) Like Lincoln, Kennedy refused to heed his secretary’s warming. (basis of comparison)

28. Structure 2 – attached statements • …too • …either Kennedy was succeeded by a Southern Democrat, and Lincoln was too. and so was Lincoln. Kennedy could arouse the sympathy of the public, and Lincoln could too. and so could Lincoln. Kennedy’s secretary couldn’t prevent the president’s assassination, and Lincoln’s couldn’t either and neither could Lincoln’s.

29. Structure 3 – correlative conjunction • both…and • Neither...nor Both Kennedy and Lincoln Kennedy and Lincoln bothhad their elections legally challenged. Neither Kennedy’s wife nor his children were expecting anything unusual to happen that day. Neither Kennedy’s children nor his wife was expecting anything unusual to happen that day.

30. certain things / many qualities / two characteristics / several aspects certain / many / several / two… Structure 4 – predicate structures • to resemble • have…in common • There are similarities Kennedy’s popularity resembled Lincoln’s. vaguely / closely / greatly (degree of similarity) Kennedy and Lincoln have features in common. There are similarities between Kennedy and Lincoln.

31. Structure 5 – sentence connectors Lincoln was succeeded by a Southern Democrat named Johnson; similarly, correspondingly, likewise, in the same way, Lyndon Johnson, a Democrat from the South, succeeded Kennedy. Note: the wording of the sentence following a connector of similarity should be slightly different to avoid repetition. A semicolon is often used before a sentence connector. However, since each of the sentences can stand alone and be considered grammatically correct, a period can also be used after the first sentence.

32. Structure 6 – punctuation only Andrew Johnson was born in 1808; Lyndon Johnson was born in 1908. Lincoln’s secretary was Mrs. Kennedy; likewise, Kennedy’s was Mrs. Lincoln. semicolon (;)

33. Structures of contrast

34. Structure 1 - …than • is…than • as…as The introvert than the extrovert is quieter is more reliable is less optimistic learns more slowly The extrovert the introvert. is not as quieter as is not as reliable as does not learns as slowly as

35. (basis of contrast) Structure 2 – prepositions Unlike Contrary to As opposed to the extrovert, who craves excitement, the introvert likes a well-ordered mode of life.

36. (basis of contrast) Structure 3 – adverbial structures Whereas While the extrovert loses his or her temper quickly, the introvert seldom does.

37. (basis of contrast) Structure 4 –Verbal clauses The introvert contrasts with differs from is different from in regard to in respect to his or her temper. the extrovert

38. The extrovert loves crowds; the introvert is fond of solitude (basis of contrast) however, on the other hand, in contrast, The extrovert loves crowds; the introvert, is fond of solitude. Structure 5 – sentence connectors however, on the other hand, in contrast,

39. Structure 6 – conjunctions The extrovert loves crowds, but the introvert is fond of solitude.

40. Structure 7 – punctuation only The introvert likes books; the extrovert is fond of people.

41. The extrovert loves crowds. • The introvert is fond of solitude. • The extrovert loves crowds; however, the introvert is fond of solitude. • The introvert is fond of solitude; the extrovert, however, loves crowds. • The extrovert loves crowds. However, the introvert is fond of solitude. • The extrovert contrasts with the introvert in regard to need of solitude. • Unlike the introvert, who is fond of solitude, the extrovert loves crowds.

42. Cause and Effect developmentstructural signals • When you use a cause-effect method of development, this will often mean that your are supporting the topic sentence by listing or enumerating.

43. Focus on cause Focus on effect • Effect – what a certain situation has led to or has resulted in. • Cause – reasons or explanations why something is the way it is, or why it happened the way it did. cause # 1 cause # 2 Situation cause # 3 effect # 1 Situation effect # 2 effect # 3

44. these areas will no longer be able to support industry. In some areas, water levels will fall; Structure 1 – sentence connectors (cause) (effect) as a result, consequently, therefore, because of this, hence,

45. In some areas, water levels will fall, so these areas will no longer be able to support industry. (cause) (effect) Some areas will no longer be able to support industry, for water levels will have fallen in these areas. (effect) (cause) Structure 2 – Conjunctions • so • for(because)

46. The rise in temperature will agricultural patterns will change Structure 3 – clause structures • so…that such…that such a…that (cause) (effect) be so great that happen so fast that dry out so much land that cause such terrible damage that cause such a severe heat wave that

47. (2) Since because (cause) (effect) Since Because Because of the fact that Due to the fact that rainfall patterns will change, water supplies will diminish.

48. Structure 4 – phrase structures Because of Due to As a result of In view of the increased heat, agricultural patterns will change. (cause) (effect)

49. Changes in water levels will changes in living patterns. Structure 5 – predicate structures • The predicate of a sentence includes everything from the verb to the end. In this group of structures, the cause-effect relationship is indicated either by the verb or the words following it. (1) cause result in be the reason for be responsible for contribute to lead to (cause) (effect)

50. Drastic changes in living patterns will changes in water levels. (2) result from be a result of be a consequence of be due to follow from (effect) (cause)