HAPPISBURGH- Summaries of the four case study that I looked at:

1. HAPPISBURGH- Summaries of the four case study that I looked at: Case studies: 1. Climate and sea level change (observation, projections, Implications) by R.Warrick, E.Barrow, T.Wigley 2. A case study of Happisburgh, Norfolk, UK- Coastal Surveying Techniques 3. Preliminary investigation into monitoring coastal erosion using terrestrial laser scanning- case study of Happisburgh 4. Ostend to Cart Gap Coastal Strategy Study Aim: -adjustment to greenhouse gas induced sea level rise -88% of the cost is defended and to be maintain -Improve controls on land eg coastal hazard zone and development of flood warning system FIRST CASESTUDY- Climate and Sea level change • General analysis: • -Weak rocks of Cretaceous and Quaternary age • -rapid natural change-accretion on the low-lying northern coast • -rapid cliff erosion 1m/yr between Sheringham and Happisburgh • -low barrier island coast, sand dunes, marshes • The land values in Cromer is higher than Sheringham, because • Cromer beach is sandy and few surviving • Victorian piers. Strategy: -Low coast- Happisburgh + Great Yarmouth- protected by beaches + dunes built of sand from the North -Waverley Committee 1954-future defenses-one foot -Norfolk cliffs-Weybourne to Cromer is defended by Revetments walls at Sheringham, builts concrete wall at Crorner + Sherringham + groynes in front of the walls Problems: -loss beach volume due to sea level rise -Sea level rises means supplying sediment increase Happisburgh This picture is taken 2 months after the one on the left. It shows the huge blocks are on the beach surrounded by sand and the sea could come right up. A 20m further erosion of the coast line. Photo taken in 2002 and shown the defenses are surrounded by lush greenery + 10m away from the Shore line Winterton Dunes in North-East Norfolk in 1953 which is also used as defensive line in World War 2+ 100 m away from the shore line

2. Major Flood in 1953: There are at least 100 people missing or dead during the flood. SECOND CASESTUDY- A Case Study at Happisburgh, Norfolk, UK-Coastal Surveying Techniques • General History of Happisburgh: • -Population: 1400 people in 600 houses • -Attraction- stone church 14th century manor house and is a listed building, the red and white famous light house • -250 m of land is lost between 1600-1850 • -sea level rise climate change and increased storminess which increase rate of erosion • Cliffs at Happisburgh- • Sands and clays which • Deposited in glacial condition; • 430,000 to 630,000 years ago- • these deposits are weak and • Easily eroded Advantage: Rapid erosion- observe processes that may take thousand of years and look at the changes of pattern of erosion Happisburgh • Surveying: • -British Geological Survey (BGS) using Terrestrial laser system, • use photogrammetryand remote sensing methods combined with GPS and site surveying. This method is rapid and repeatable methods of measuring costal erosion, bit its costly and complex. • BGS surveying since 2000, scan cliff up to 800m in width- 20 mins= 2000 individual measurement per mins • -LIDAR techniques (lighting distance and ranging)- this is an accurate measurement of complex and dangerous cliff features from a safe distance and highly portable. It is cheap and simple. • -It shows that erosion rate approximately 1-2 m per year to 7-10 m • per year • Lost of sediment round 18000 m3 per year • from 200m cliff Terrestrial laser scanning: Advantages: Rapid data collating responsive methodology inexpensive after initial equipment purchase Require less post-field work 3D face surface models- built up, volume loss can be calculated easily and accurately

3. THIRD CASESTUDY- Preliminary investigation into monitoring coastal erosion using terrestrial laser scanning- case study of Happisburgh • British Geological Survey (BGS) • They consider to consequences of the coastal erosion to life, assets and the environment can be enormous, therefore cliff retreat is measured accurately so that people can plan for life and • Work in this dynamic environment Assess the coastline: Natural slopes with little/ no engineering remediation, coastal protection soft rock geology-clay and chalk Variety of cliff heights Variety of costal aspects variety of landslide mechanisms and complexity Variety of geological complexity likelihood active landslide movement and recession reasonable access to the site Method: -geological mapping/ geotechnical probing/sampling, testing eg long range terrestrial laser scanning, terrestrial photogrammetry -Laser scanning used- monitor volcanoes, earthquake, mining subsidence, quarrying, buildings, forensics, coastal -Roving Global Position system (GPS) Geology- till, clays and sands and gravel, cliff height 6-10m, layers of deposits included glacier ice • Physiology-sand beach, rapid erosion rate • Coastal erosion- several aspects must be • considered; onshore and offshore environment, • the weather, the climate, the strength and • Variability of the geological materials making up • the coast + the engineered structures eg groynes • + sea walls • -Understanding the influence of offshore • environment; oceanographic climate, wave energy, • wave direction, distribution of sediments moved by • wave action and changing sea level, sea level rise • + climate change -Agriculture + tourism threatened by the receding cliff line SSSI- SITE OF SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST Happisburgh The process of cliff erosion repeated in 3 stages: undercutting of the cliff toe by wave action which steepening of the cliff + reduce slope stability 2. Small scale shallow slides 3. Deposition of debris at the base of cliff, protecting the cliff toe

4. CONTINUE OF THIRD CASESTUDY Problems: -140,000m3 sediment lost from the beach -sediment from the erosion of cliff between Weybourne and Happisburgh Transported to northwest and southeast by long shore drift, dominate transport to the east Costal defenses: -timber groynes and revetments which slowed the cliff recession rates by trapping beach sand traveling along the coast-reducing the supply of sediment arriving on the beaches down drifts of the defenses which cause ‘down drifts starvation’. Winter erosion: -Small scale, frequent, shallow land sliding of the sand cliff -Sand is easily eroded and undercutting of the cliff toe which reduces slopes stability and cliff failure occurs -Beach surface is low, scouring of upper surface of till 2. Summer erosion: -beach surface is higher than winter platform 1990- large part of the timber palisade defenses removal Happisburgh

5. FOURTH CASESTUDY-Ostend to Cart Gap Coastal Strategy Study 3 strategies/stages: -£500k- construction rock groyne-South- eastern end of Beach Road - construction- geotexile based groyne-North-West of beach ramp - construction- geotexile based groyne- upper beach midway along the Beach Road frontage 2. -£60k- Refurbishment- timber groyne midway along the Beach Road Frontage 3. -£145k- Construction- rock sill between rock groyne stage 1 to midway groyne stage 2 COSTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS AND APPRAISALS • Support Groups: • -Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs • (DEFRA) • -Ministry of Agricultural Fisheries and Food (MAFF)-they sated policy objective of reducing risks to people • + from natural environment of flood and coastal erosion • -Site of Special Scientific interest (SSSI)-interest in glacial deposits • Coastal Concern Residents Group • Walcott Paris Council • -North North-folk Distract Council • -Utility Companies • -The Environment + Agency • -English Nature • -Countryside Commission • -RNCI • -English Heritage • -Archaeological Unit of North Norfolk Country Council Heritage Coast Archaeology issues Commercial Development Plans Local Authority Development Plans Local Environment Agency Plans Tourism + Recreational issues Our management Of the coastal zone Biodiversity Action Plans Water level Management Plans Habitat Plans

6. CONTINUE OF FOURTH CASESTUDY HYDRODYNAMIC LOADING-shows the waves (height, number direction), tidal currents, changes in tidal level GEOLOGY: -largely glacial drift + deposits comprising heterogeneous clays, silts sands + gravels-this could react differently to waves, tides, rainfall, weather FLORA + FAUNA -sand Matins-just nest below top of cliff face HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT: -There are traces of past human activity and archaeological • 1958- this shoreline undefended, revetment built design • life for 40 years • 1968- groynes constructed and gabion defenses paced along • toe of the cliff in front of Beach Road • -Gabion-replaced by concrete blocks • -Cart Gap NNDC built a concrete sea wall 1986 • 1991- 2 groynes removed because of safety reason • they stopped to maintain the defenses, timber defenses • failed 1995- breach width 300m S-E of Happisbugh, 400m • revetment is in poor condition

7. The Management Strategy: -Problem-Costal erosion- implication asserts of defense could be a long-term solution -The long-shore drift is very high-need to consider how sediment will move along the coast line; 1. changing the source/ supply of sediment which affect some areas 2. use if groynes which increase the beach level and protect the shoreline -The Value of Asserts -the asserts are low compared to the cost of major costal defenses -they should focused around the Beach Road -consider low cost and strong engineering solution to the problem Geotubes- upper beach Rock groynes- southern end of Beach Road Timber groynes- southern + mid Beach Road Rock defenses- sill with fill-Beach Road frontage KEY ISSUES: Economic Assessment- focus defense works based Round the Beach Road frontage -Defend is the majority of asserts -both side of Happisburgh village-farmland is loss through erosion 2. Prevent further erosion of the beach road- stabilize the Beach in front of eroding cliffs 3. Costal erosion-monitor rate and effects of erosion along the whole frontage

8. COSTAL MANAGEMENT STRAGEY

9. General arrangement of defense works

10. The map shows the areas of coastal responsibility as Happisburgh is responsible by the North Norfolk council. Therefore I looked into the aim, the responsibility and the strategies of the Council towards Happisburgh.

11. North Norfolk Distract Council • The Planning + Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 established a new local development planning; ‘Local Development • Framework ‘ (LDF). However, the North Norfolk LDF replaced that with the North Norfolk Local plan. They planned a • ‘Core Strategy’ with site specific policy that was adopted by the Council from 2008 till 2021. ‘Core Strategy’- the quantity of new • housing/ developments, distribution, the type of sites, the timing of development. • 2. Purpose for this, is to show areas of land in the • district are suitable for future development with the Council consideration. • 3. The objective: -the housing needs in the community • -Development that mitigate + adapt climate change • -Protect the natural environment and the local identity of North Norfolk • -Mitigate/ adapt the coastal erosion + flooding • -Develop a stronger economy, eg better job • -Improve culture/ leisure activities • 4. Two different site policy: • -Allocated sites- areas of land, single site- for a specific type of new development with specific policy • -Designated areas- existing large areas have common characteristics, not for specific development • National, Regional and Local Policy: • -The ‘East England Plan’ thinks the North Norfolk should plan to provide for 8,000 new dwellings between 2001-2021. • - 2,870 dwellings built since 2001, 1,904 have planning permission • 5. North Norfolk Community Strategy:- identified number of piorities • - Improved housing • - Better jobs and prospects • - Sustaining high quality of life • 6. Economy, outdoor recreation, opportunities for new employment, land for investment, health consideration-open space to • create high quality of life, public open space • 7. Sustainability appraisal • 8. Proposals taken into account: spatial plans, capacity of shared services, infrastructure to accommodate the scale of growth, • issues such as traffic circulation, landscape impact + character, impact on wildlife. • -Spatial planning- local planning authorities; • Proposals for Service Villages: • -Most of these villages have less than 26 dwellings • -Each villages-proposed to allocate a single or small number of sites for residential development, 50% affordable housing • -Education authority-accommodated with existing school provision

12. Proposals for Happisburgh: Small village, ‘coastal Service village’, there are a few holiday homes and caravan park 2. ‘ribbon development to either side of Whimpwell street down to Whimpwell Green and Happisburgh Common and along North Walsham Road-facilities can be access on foot 3. Conservation area-14th century flint +stone church of St Mary’s 110ft 33.5m high tower, red + white candy striped lighthouse, new development should respect the existing landmark, farmland classified as grade 1 agricultural land need to minimize the impact on these land 4.Improvement facilities- North Norfolk Open Space and Recreation Strategy- identified the landscaping at Happisburgh playing fields 5. Sewerage system-small, therefore number of dwellings should be kept low -Water quality- assessment continue THE SITE: -Agricultural fields, walking distance of all village facilities, this site provides long views, which should be retain, surrounding properties are generally low density -Policy HAP07 for the site: 1. Site layout, building height, retaining open view from the east and the lighthouse 2. Safe access to Whimpwell Street 3. Provided footpath 4. Consider the landscaping 5. Relocate the bus stop 6. Archaeological investigation 7.Adequate capacity sewage treatment works, no effect from water quality impacts on European wildlife sites

13. Planning and design-Different regulation: • Building Control: main purpose: carry out building work in a high standard • - Secure health +safety round the buildings. • -Conservation energy • - Provide building and facilities to all type of people • LABC- Local Authority Building Control • Health and Safety Executive (HSE) • Building regulation 2010; structural safety, fire safety, ventilation etc • Conservation and Design: • Unlisted buildings- • -Recent years- gradual erosion of architecture character-due to ‘permitted development’ from the Town and country planning, • -more due to changes from individual property, changes such as replacement of windows n doors, remove chimney stacks, loss of original • architectural features etc

14. Ancient Monuments- • -Scheduled monuments-legal protection to nationally important sites and monuments, some is private and some is open for public, listed • buildings- listed as buildings of special architectural or historic interest • ‘English Heritage (government adviser)- organization offers advice to landowners, local authorities and conservation groups, awareness of • heritage • -‘Monuments Protection Programme’ (MPP) 1986- stronger understanding of archaeological resource • Archaeology- • early hunter gatherers 400,000 years ago, places of worship, defence installations, burial grounds • present period- coastal erosion, archaeological heritage-destroyed by human activity eg extraction, agricultural • -81 conservation areas, 2200 listed buildings, 100 ancient monuments • 3. Planning Policy: • -Local development framework-core strategy • Recent News: • -02/12/2010 - Inspectors Reports Received on Site Proposals & Rural Buildings Policy • Two important planning: • -Site-specific proposals plan- allocates specific areas of land for different types of new development • -Conversion and re-use of rural buildings as dwellings policy • Economy • -Tourism report (read pdf file), Employment growth study (pdf) • Environment • -Landscape Character Assessment- help decision making such as planning and landscape conservation • -Population, housing land available • 4.Environment and Waste- costal management: • - Communities at risk planning for the future (pdf) • Costal strategy- the council work closely with the government office and east of England development agency, Norfolk and Suffolk worked • together and the environment agency, British geological survey, the climate change research • -Costal erosion- NNDC responsible for constructing and maintaining the defences, cliffs- mix of silts, sands, clays, gravels-deposited during glacia • + interglacial the last 2 millions years, cliff- little resistance to the sea waves-erode bas of the cliff, serious cost flooding in 1953 • Tourism: • There is outstanding beauty at the coastline and they want to conserve it. • -Principles of sustainability, economic, environmental, community, overnight tourists and day visitors, • l

15. Tourism: There is outstanding beauty at the coastline and they want to conserve it. -Principles of sustainability, economic, environmental, community, overnight tourists and day visitors

19. FLOOD RISK:

20. RURAL ECONOMY STUDY-AGRICULTURE

21. POPULATION: 2001 Census population and household counts for un-parishedurban areas and all parishes Source: Census of Population 1891-2001

22. NORTH NORFOLK RETAIL

23. Sports and Leisure

24. NORTHFORLK EMPOLYMENT GROWTH

25. RECENT NEWS: -The government is developing a costal change for England which is supported by £11 million fund of innovative adaption projects -The government is trying to support the communities from the erosion problem of the coast -The council may buy the at risk properties and lease them back in order to give some practical support to the residents -NNDC – as the ‘pathfinder’ council, they closely work with the community to plan for coastal change