Body Movements and Muscle Histology

1. Lab # 7 Body Movements and Muscle Histology Objectives 1- Describe and demonstrate the different types of body movements. 2- List the three types of muscle tissue and function of each. 3- Describe the histological appearance of each type. 4- Describe the organization of the skeletal muscle. 5- Describe the microanatomy of a muscle fiber. 6- Understand the rules that determine the name of some muscles.

2. Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension Flexion: Movement that decreases the joint angle in hinge joints. Extension: Movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position. Hip flexion Lateral flexion Flexion Knee flexion Extension

3. Hyperextension: Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position. Flexion and extension occur at nearly all diarthroses, hyperextension is limited to a few joints. Hyperextension Hyperextension Extension Flexion

4. Abduction: Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body. Adduction: Movement of a body part in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body.

5. Elevation: A movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane. Depression: A movement that lowers a body vertically part in the frontal plane. Protraction: The anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane. Retraction: The posterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane.

6. Supination: Forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward. The forearm is supinated in anatomical position (the radius is parallel to the ulna) Pronation: Forearm movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward. The radius spins on the capitulum of the humerus. The head spins in the radial notch of ulna and the radius crosses stationary ulna like an X

7. Ligaments: Bands of connective tissue that join bone to bone LIGAMENT Aponeuroses: Bands of connective tissue that attach flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones APONEUROSIS Tendons: Narrow bands of connective tissue that connect muscles to bone TENDONS

8. Epicranealaponeuroses ( Galea ) Lumbar aponeuroses Abdominal aponeuroses

9. Muscle Tissue

10. MARTINI page 133 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSCLE 1- Skeletal muscle 2- Cardiac muscle 3- Smooth muscle

12. 1- Skeletal 2- Cardiac 3- Smooth MUSCLE HISTOLOGY Types of muscle: C e l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Long, Short, Short, Cylindrical, Branched, Spindle, Striated, Striated, Non-striated, Multinuclear Single nucleus Single nucleus

13. Types of Muscle Tissue Cell characteristics Nuclei Long, cylindrical, unbranched striated , multinuclear Skeletal muscle Striations Nucleus Intercalated disk Short, branched, striated , single nucleus, intercalated discs Cardiac muscle Nucleus Nerve ending Short, spindle-shaped, non-striated , single nucleus Smooth muscle

14. Organization of the Skeletal Muscles (Unit 13, page 173) Skeletal Muscle Fascicle Perimysium Endomysium Muscle fiber (cell) Epimysium

15. Myosatellite cell Sarcoplasm Nucleus Capillary Mitochondria Sarcolemma They are involved in the repair of damaged muscle Endomysium Myofibrils They consist of bundles of myofilaments (thin filaments and thick filaments) Axon MUSCLE FIBER (cell)

16. SKELETAL MUSCLE Contains: Surrounded by: Epimysium Muscle fascicles MUSCLE FASCICLE Contains: Surrounded by: Perimysium Muscle fibers (cells) MUSCLE FIBER (CELL) Contains: Surrounded by: Endomysium Myofibrils MYOFIBRIL Contains: Myofilaments They are organized in sarcomeres MYOFILAMENTS Thick filaments: myosin Thin filaments: actin Sarcomere

17. Structure of the Skeletal Muscle Fiber Mitochondria Terminal cisterna They produce the chemical energy (ATP) for muscle contraction. Sarcolemma Sarcoplasm Thin filament Myofibril Thick filament Triad Sarcoplasmic reticulum They conduct the nerve impulse from the sarcolemma to the interior of the cell. It stores calcium for muscle contraction. T tubules

18. Sarcomere Structure They consist of proteins called actinins, which interconnect thin filaments of adjacent sarcomeres. Sarcomere They are the smallest functional units of the muscle fiber Z line Z line M line MYOFIBRIL I band(It contains thin filaments but not thick filaments Zone of overlap H band Zone of overlap Myosin (thick filaments) Actin (thin filaments) A band M line: It consists of proteins that connect the each thick filament with its neighbors. A band: Its length is equal to the length of the thick filaments. It contains both thin and thick filaments. H band: It is a lighter region on either side of the M line, which contains only thick filaments. I band Z line Zone of overlap Zone of overlap:It is the region where the thin filaments are situated between the thick filaments. H band M line

19. Z line H zone Z line Zone of overlap Sarcomere Structure I band A band Thin filament M line Thick filament Sarcomere

20. Axon of motor neuron Axon terminal Neuromuscular junction Myofilaments Sarcolemma Myofibril The Neuromuscular Junction Motor neuron It carries the nerve impulse. It releases the neurotransmitter. It is the point where the motor neuron and the muscle fiber meet. Muscle cell or fiber Nucleus (They are organized in sarcomeres)

21. Axon Terminal or Synaptic Knob Smooth E.R. Mitochondrion They produce the ATP for active transport of ions They contain the neurotransmitter Synaptic vesicles Synaptic vesicles releasing the neurotransmitter

22. Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cell or Fiber Terminal (T) tubules They carry the nerve impulse inside the muscle cell Sarcoplasmic reticulum It stores calcium for muscle contraction Two terminal cisternae and one T tubule Myofibril Triad Terminal cisternae They store calcium for muscle contraction Mitochondria They provide the energy (ATP) for muscle contraction Sarcoplasm Myofilaments Motor end plate Axon of the motor neuron Synaptic cleft Myelin sheath Sarcolemma Sarcolemma Junctional folds Endomysium Synaptic vesicles It carries the nerve impulse They contain the neurotransmitter Endomysium

23. Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cell or Fiber Terminal cisternae Triad Two terminal cisternae and one T tubule AXON TERMINAL Mitochondria They provide the energy (ATP) for muscle contraction Sarcoplasmic reticulum Myofilaments Synaptic vesicles It stores calcium for muscle contraction They contain the neurotransmitter Axon of the motor neuron Junctional folds Transverse (T) tubules Sarcolemma Synaptic cleft They carry the nerve impulse inside the muscle cell It carries the nerve impulse Myelin sheath Endomysium

24. Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cell or Fiber Sarcomeres Superior view Myofibrils Neuromuscular junction They release the neurotransmitter Axon terminal Nuclei Axon of the motor neuron It carries the nerve impulse Sarcolemma Sarcoplasm Endomysium

25. Microstructure of the Muscle Fiber They store calcium for muscle contraction Terminal cisterna Thick myofilaments (Myosin) Thin myofilaments (Actin) T tubule They carry the nerve impulse inside the muscle cell Triad Two terminal cisternae and one T tubule Sarcoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion It stores calcium for muscle contraction They provide the energy (ATP) for muscle contraction