NURSING HISTORY, EDUCATION, AND ORGANIZATIONS Edited by: Leslie Lehmkuhl, RN

1. SECTION I BASIC NURSING UNIT1FOUNDATIONS CHAPTER 3 NURSING HISTORY, EDUCATION, AND ORGANIZATIONS Edited by: Leslie Lehmkuhl, RN

2. The art and science of assisting individuals to learn to care for themselves and of caring for them when they cannot meet their own needs. Focuses on client’s response to illness rather than on the illness. Assists clients to higher level of wellness. NURSING …

3. The study of nursing history helps us better understand the issues of: Autonomy (self-directed) Profession unity Education Supply and demand Learning from role models, nurses can increase capacity to make positive changes now and set goals for the future.. THE HISTORY OF NURSING

4. Primitive humans derived nursing care practices by watching animals (e.g. wild turkeys feeding young wild berries rich in Vitamin C to ward off chill or the snipe bird splinting injured legs with strw and sticks) Early civilizations used wet nurses in Babylonia and Assyria. Ancient Greeks honored the Goddess of wealth, Hygiea where temples were built to house spa type settings. Hippocrates, Greek physician is considered the Father of medicine. He used a systematic approach in assessment, diagnosis and treatment and maintained written record of of his pts while cariing for the sick. Evolution of Nursing

5. Snipe Bird Wading birds with “sewing machine” action of their long bills.

6. Dr. Snipe

7. The first hopitals were established in Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire). They were primarily religious and charitable institutions housed in monastaries and convents. These caregivers, mostly female had no formal training. Roman Empire

8. Hospital in large Byzantine cities with mostly male paid staff. Women continues to care for the sick in rural areas as it was believed there natural nurturing nature to do so. Until 11th and 12th century only formal training to medical education for physicians in a university setting. No formal training for others nurses Middle Ages

9. Art and science played a signoficant role durin g this time. Universities were established in renewed interest of Science. Still no formal training for nurses. Renaissance

10. Began in India and spread to Greece and Ireland by 3 BC. The priests served as nurses and were male. Theodor Fliedner, a pastor from Kaiserworth Germany established the first school of nursing for Deconesses in caring for the sick. Florence Nightingale was a student of Kaiserworth. Religious Influences

11. FLORENCE NIGHTENGALE (1820-1910) • The founder of modern nursing. • Worked to develop public awareness of the need for educated nurses. • Forged the future of nursing education as a result of her experiences in training nurses to care for British soldiers.

12. Florence Nightingale Strong minded and intelligent. Studied Greek, Latin mathematics, history, philosophy. Her beliefs were opposed by her family and friends. Her social class was thought to be above this kind of work.

13. She introduced many concepts, unique in her day, but still used today: A systematic method of assessing clients Individualized care based on client’s needs Confidentiality An environment that promotes healing (cleanliness, good nutrition and fresh air). NIGHTENGALE’S CONCEPTS

14. The need for nurses increased dramatically. Many religious orders and other women volunteered to care for injured soldiers. These women were willing to take risks when human rights were threatened. THE CIVIL WAR AND NURSING

15. Dorothea Dix Clara Barton Nursing Pioneers Civil War (1861-1865)

16. Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)–During the Civil War, she served as Superintendent of Army Female Nurses of 1861. Later concentrated on reforming the treatment of the mentally ill. NURSING PIONEERS Civil War (1861-1865) SocialReformer

17. Clara Barton was a pioneer American. She has been described as having a "strong and independent spirit" and is best remembered for organizing the American Red Cross in 1881. 1881. NURSING PIONEERS Civil War (1861-1865) Dec25, 1821-Apr 12, 1912 90 years Teacher, nurse, humanitarian. never married

18. Linda Richards–was the first professionally trained American nurse. She received the first diploma from an American training school for nurses in 1873. She established nursing training programs in the United States and Japan, and created the first system for keeping individual medical records for hospitalized patients. NURSING PIONEERS (continued) July 27, 1841-April 16, 1930 88 years Nurse

19. Mary Mahoney–America’s first African American professional nurse. Graduated from New England Hospital for Women and Children (Class of 5 students), Linda Richards was her classmate. NURSING PIONEERS (continued)

20. Adelaide Nutting–the first nurse appointed as a university professor.. NURSING PIONEERS(continued) Mary Adelaide Nutting 1858-1948

21. Lavinia Dock–wrote one of the first nursing textbooks, and was first editor of the American Journal of Nursing., and wrote many other books. NURSING PIONEERS(continued) Lavinia Lloyd Dock (1858-1956)

22. Isabel Hampton Robb –worked to establish professional organizations. Also stressed the role of the nursing student as a learner instead of an employee. NURSING PIONEERS(continued) Isabel Adams Hampton Robb (1860–1910)

23. Lillian Wald–the founder of public health nursing. NURSING PIONEERS(continued) Lillian D. Wald (1867–1940)

24. Mary Breckenridge–introduced a system of delivering health care to rural America. In 1925 founded the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS), a public health organization in eastern Kentucky providing nurses on horseback to reach families who otherwise would not receive health care. Through this public health organization, she introduced nurse-midwifery to the United States and created a highly successful, cost-effective model for rural health care delivery that has been replicated throughout the world. NURSING PIONEERS(continued) Mary Breckinridge 1881-1965

25. Mamie Hale–upgraded educational programs for midwives and improved mortality rates for both infants and mothers. NURSING PIONEERS(continued) Mamie Odessa Hale Garland (1911–1968?)

26. Women who cared for others, but who had no formal education, often called themselves “practical nurses.” Formal education for practical nursing began in the 1890s. PRACTICAL NURSING

27. The Ballard Schoolopened in 1892 by the YWCA. Thompson Practical Nursing Schoolopened in 1907 and still operating today. Household Nursing Schoolopened in 1918 to train nurses in home health care. PRACTICAL NURSING SCHOOLS

28. First 3-year diploma school of nursing established at University of Minnesota under the College of Medicine in 1903. Third-party payments and prepaid medical insurance were instituted. The Great Depression stimulated growth of insurance plans. NURSING IN THE 20TH CENTURY

29. Goldmark Report, 1923 Concluded that nursing education should take place in university setting for nursing to have equal footing with other disciplines. Institute of Research and Service in Nursing Education Report Established practical nursing under Title III of the Health Amendment Act of 1955. LANDMARK REPORTS IN NURSING EDUCATION

30. 1960s–Medicare and Medicaid created. 1964–The Nurse Training Act provided federal funding for nursing education. 1973–HMOs offered as an alternative to private health insurance. 1977–Nurse practitioners allowed to be paid directly for their services. OTHER HEALTH CARE INITIATIVES

31. Licensed Practical Nurses (Licensed Vocational Nurses in TX and CA) work under supervision of registered nurse or other licensed provider. Programs are usually one year. Admission: high school diploma or GED, sometimes other pre-entrance exams. NURSING EDUCATION–LP/VNs

32. Must be licensed to practice. Work in structured settings. May advance their skills. The National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses, Inc. has written standards of nursing practice for LP/VNs. LP/VNs ...

33. Registered Nurses are graduates of one of three types of programs: Associate Degree Programs–2 years, offered in community colleges. Diploma Programs–3 years, hospital based. Baccalaureate Degree Programs–4 years in a university or college setting. NURSING EDUCATION–RNs

34. Used to maintain the needed knowledge and skills for continuing practice. Delivery of instruction to assist nurses to achieve the goals of the employer. Includes orientation of new employees and in-service education. STAFF DEVELOPMENT

35. CONTINUING EDUCATION • Nurses are responsible for their own continuing education. • Some states require continuing education units (CEUs) for license renewal. • Lifelong learning is essential to career development and competency achievement in nursing practice.

36. Competency development–focuses on demonstration of basic competency demonstrated by all entry level graduates regardless of education. Delivery of care–the demand for nursing care will continue to be driven by an aging population. TRENDS IN NURSING EDUCATION

37. National League for Nursing (accredit schools) National Association of Practical Nurse Education and Service, Inc.(NAPNES) National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses, Inc.(Education, Certificate programs, Student liability insurance) American Nurses Association NX Standards, Code of Ethics, legislation bodies, nx research) National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCLEX and licensing) NURSING ORGANIZATIONS