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Biological Products/Agents and Their Impact on Human Cells, Tissue and Their Related Diseases

This article explores the impact of biological products on human cells and tissues, specifically focusing on complement, antibody, and cytokine activation. It covers both the effects of products inside and outside the human body, including those produced by parasites, bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

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Biological Products/Agents and Their Impact on Human Cells, Tissue and Their Related Diseases

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  1. Biological Products/Agents and Their Impact on Human Cells, Tissue and Their Related Diseases Dr. H. Aziz DjamalMSc.DTM&H.SpMK(K)

  2. Biological Product Induced Human Cells and Tissue Damage : From Inside Human Body : Complement. Antibody. Cytokines

  3. Complement Ex. Extremely pain……Activate the C3 Complement via alternative pathways…C3a and others…anaphylatoxin…receptor on capillary endothelial…vasodilatation, increase permeability…massive leakage of the plasma…shock..(anaphylactic shock)

  4. Antibody Ex.Antibody ( mostly IgG) produced inside human body against self antigen, due to similarity structure to the intruder agent (ex. Streptococcus Beta Haemolyticus group A)…Antibody attach to related Ag… activate complement…Inflammation…Tissue injury…Ex. Rheumatic Heart Disease

  5. Cytokines Mostly activated by biological product from outside human body. Ex. Pro-inflammatory citokines (Interleukin 1 and TNF alpha) in Avian influezae infection….Massive destruction of both side of human lung

  6. B. From Outside Human Body Biological Product From: Animal Parasite Bacteria Fungi Virus

  7. Biological Product from Animal Ex. Venoms produced by Snake, Scorpion,Bee…very strong venom, activate Complement C3 via alternate pathway…receptor on capillary endothelial…vasodilatation…increase permeability…massive leakage of serum…shock ( anaphylactic shock )

  8. Ex. Cats hair (other products), allergenic to some people …induced IgE production…at the following contacts…. CytophylicIgE at Mast bound to Allergen… sending signal to Mast Cell…Degranulated Mast Cell…Vasoactive amine release ( Histamine etc )….Target organ….Vasodilatation on capillary and constriction on bronchus….Hypersensitivity type 1.

  9. Biological Products of the Parasites Ex. Ascarislumbricoides by products ( Slims) and dead body of adult worm…allergenic …induced IgE production and eosinophilic hypersensitivity. Ex. Larvae of Ascarislumbricoides, Hook worm ( A.duodenale, N. americanus ) travel to Lung…caused lung tissue damage and Pneumonitis

  10. Bacterial Product Bacterial Product that Penetrate the host Defence: Capsule Component of Cells Wall Enzymes

  11. Enzymes Leukocidins. Hemolysin Streptolysin Coagulase. Bacterial Kinase. Hyalorunidase. Collagenase. Lecithinase. Siderophore.

  12. Bacterial product Damaging the cells and tissue Production of Toxin Exotoxin Endotoxin

  13. Three Principle of Exotoxin Citotoxin a. Shiga toxin. c. Diphtheriae toxin. b. Verotoxin. d. Erythrogenic toxin. 2. Neurotoxin a. Tetanus toxin. b. Botulinum toxin 3. Enterotoxin a. Vibrioenterotoxin. b. Staphylococcal enterotoxin

  14. Viral Structural Product CPE. Inclusion Body. Syncitia or Giant Cells. Interferon.

  15. Fungi Biological Product Damaged cells and human tissue Sclerotia. Ergot. Aflatoxin. Mycotoxin

  16. Bacterial capsules Some bacteria produced strong capsule consist of polysacharide polymer : Pneumococcus, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Neisseriagonorrhoe , Haemophylusinfluenzae, Bacillus anthracisetc. Anti-phagocytic activity. Toxycitic capacity.

  17. Cell Wall Component That Induced Cell and tissue Damage Ex. Lipid component ( Polymer of Mycolic acid ) on Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall posses a strong anti-phagocitic activity, resist the intracellular digestion. Ex. Lipopolysaccharide component of Salmonella typhi cell wall possesed an endotoxic activity.

  18. Biological activity of Bacterial enzyme Catalyses the hydrolysis of the related component : Hyaluronidase produced by Staphylococcus sp and Streptococcus sp caused hydrolysis of hyalin component of human tissue such on skin and mucose

  19. Leukocidin, Haemolysin, Streptolysin Making a protein channel on Cytoplasmic membrane…cause cell death

  20. Viral component that caused cellular damaged CPE : It is due to the burst of the infected cell – over load of viral component. Inclusion Body : Unassembly viral components such as in Rabies infection- Negri Body. Syncitial / Giant Cell : Fusion of cytoplasmic membrane of the infected host cell by viral unassembly protein. Interferon : Glycoprotein production by viral infected cell that inhibit the role of the remaining receptor

  21. The Action of an A-B Exotoxin Figure 15.5

  22. Damaging capacity of exotoxin Ex. Shiga and Vero toxin. Attach as ligand on the receptor the cell… activate thre formation of porin…release the cytoplasm component… death of the cell

  23. The Action of an A-B Exotoxin Figure 15.5

  24. Ex. Neurogenic toxin Tetanus toxin : Block the release of relaxing signal from CNS on neurological synapse…spasstic , block the release of Glycin on the synapse Botulinum toxin : Block the release of Acetyl choline on the neurological synapse

  25. Action of Tetanus Neurotoxin • Tetanus causes irreversible muscle _________________ (‘spastic paralysis’ or ‘lockjaw’)

  26. Action of Botulinum Neurotoxin • Botulinum toxin, the most poisonous substance known, causes irreversible muscle _________________ (‘flaccid paralysis’).

  27. Enterotoxin activity Ex. Vibriocholeraeenterotoxin After bacterial colonization- toxin released-toxin get into the intestinal mucosalcell – activate the adenylate enzymatic cascade-produced cyclic -5-AMP- accumulation of cell energy- activate the secretion of water and electrolyte from the to intestinal lumen- produced severe secretoric diarrhea

  28. Action of cholera enterotoxin (cont.)

  29. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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