CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

2. Why study tissue proteins? • To understand normal body functions . • In development • In inflammatory states • Aging process. • To identify the cause of various genetic and metabolic disorders related to tissue proteins • In the spread of cancer cells. • Several diseases (eg:Osteogenesisimperfecta and a number of types of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) are due to genetic disturbances of the synthesis of collagen. • Components of proteoglycans are affected in the group of genetic disorders known as the mucopolysaccharidoses. • To use and apply them in the medical, industrial, commercial fields. • In food products, cosmetic surgery. • The gelatin used in food and industry is derived from the partial hydrolysis of collagen.

3. Present in all organs (50 % of body weight) • skin, • adipose tissue, • bones, • teeth, • fascia, • cartilages, • stroma of parenchymal inner organs, • walls of vessels.

4. THE STRUCTURE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Cells Fibers Extracellular matrix

5. Cells • Fibroblasts • chondroblasts Fibers • collagen • elastin Extracellular matrix carbohydrate-protein complexes - proteoglycans. Carbohydrate complexes of proteoglycans – heteropolysaccharides glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). • fibroblasts chondroblasts

6. The Extracellular Matrix • The space outside the cells of a tissue is filled with a composite material called extracellular matrix(ECM). • This ECM is also known as the connective tissue. It is composed of - • Gel with interstitial fluid. • 3 major classes of biomolecules: • Structural proteins: collagen, elastin and Keratin(epidermal tissues) • Specialized proteins: e.g. fibrillin, fibronectin, and laminin. • Proteoglycans(Mucoproteins) : Conjugated proteins consisting of • Protein + Carbohydrate(5%-95%) • Carbohydrate part is in the form of Glycosaminoglycans [GAGs]. • Thus, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex structural entity surrounding and supporting cells that are found within mammalian tissues.

7. The Extra cellular matrix

8. PROTEINS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Collagen Collagen fibers in muscle tendons • Most abundant insoluble fibrous protein in the connective tissue of mammals. • Makes up about 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content. • Scleroprotein secreted from the cells called fibroblasts. • In greek ‘kolla’ means ‘glue’.Collagen is also called as glue-producer. • Distribution of collagen varies in different tissues. • Also found in mucous membranes, nerves,blood vessels, and organs.

9. Functions Of Collagen • It imparts strength, support, shape and elasicity to the tissues. • It accounts for 6% of the weight of strong, tendinous muscles • It provides flexibility, support, and movement to cartilage. • It encases and protects delicate organs like kidneys and spleen. • It fills the sclera of the eye in crystalline form. • Teeth (dentin) are made by adding mineral crystals to collagen. • Collagen contributes to proper alignment of cells for cell proliferation and differentiation. • When exposed in damaged blood vessels, it initiates thrombus formation

10. Types Of Collagen • In humans, there are at least 19 distinct types of collagen made up of 30 distinct polypeptide chains (each encoded by a separate gene). • They are subdivided into a number of classes based primarily on the structures they form • However, 90% of the collagen in the body are of type I, II, III, and IV. • These types determine the physical properties of specific tissues and perform their specialized function.

11. Collagen •It serves to hold together the cells in the tissues. •It is the major fibrous element of tissues like bone, teeth, tendons, cartilage and blood vessels. •When a solution of collagen is boiled, the viscosity of the solution decreases, which indicates that the native rod like structure is altered and a protein, with random coil structure results. It is then called gelatin.

13. Structure of Collagen •There are 6 types of collagen, out of which type I is the most abundant form; it contains 2 chains of alpha-1 and one chain of alpha-2. •Each polypeptide chain of collagen has about 1000 amino acid residues. •The amino acid composition of collagen is quite unique.

14. Structure of Collagen Consists of three polypeptide chains having the left spiral shape Three left coiled chains are again coiled together to form the right spiral bunch

15. 1 chain contains about 1000 amino acids 33 % - glycine 21 % – proline and oxiproline 11 %–alanine 35 % – all other amino acids Oxiproline andoxilysine are specific only for connective tissue oxilysine Oxiproline

16. Structure of collagen fibers

17. Collagen – complex protein, glycoprotein Carbohydrates (monosaccharide galactose and disaccharide galactosylglucose) bind by glycosidic bonds to the residues of oxilysine of polipeptide chain

18. Reaction of aldoll condensation

19. Biosynthesis of Collagen • Collagen synthesis occurs in the fibroblasts, osteoblasts in bone, chondroblasts in cartilage and odontoblasts in teeth. • First synthesized in precursor form of preprocollagen polypeptide chain in the ribosomes during translation • The leader sequence of amino acids[signal peptide] in the preprocollagen directs it to enter the lumen of E.R • In the lumen of E.R, the Signal peptide is cleaved to form procollagen. • The proline and lysine amino acids in the procollagen chain undergo hydroxylation and glycosylation known as post translational modifications. • Disulfide bonds are formed between three procollagen chains which twist around each other to form a triple helix molecule.This step is called registration. • This Procollagen molecule is secreted into the extracellular matrix from the golgi compartment of the E.R. • Here, the procollagenaminoproteinase and carboxyproteinase enzymes remove extra terminal amino acids from the procollagen molecule to form collagen . • The collagen molecules assemble into fibrils and inturn fibers being stabilized by the covalent cross-links.

20. Biosynthesis of collagen from Preprocollagen

21. Synthesis Of Collagen

22. Abnormalities associated with collagen • Collagen-related diseases arise from • genetic defects • nutritional deficiencies • They affect the biosynthesis, assembly, postranslational modification, secretion, or other processes involved in normal collagen production. • These include : • Ehler Danlos syndrome • Alport syndrome • Epidermolysis bullosa • Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Chondrodysplasias [affects cartilage] • Scurvy • Osteolathyrism

23. Ehler Danlos Syndrome • Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is a group of inherited connective tissue disorders. • CAUSE • abnormalities in the synthesis and metabolism of collagen • Mutations in the collagen genes: COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A1, COL5A2 • a deficiency of enzyme lysyl hydroxylase. • A deficiency of procollagenN-proteinase, causing formation of abnormal thin, irregular collagen fibrils • EFFECT • Mutations alter the structure, production, or processing of collagen or proteins that interact with collagen • WeakenS connective tissue in the skin, bones, blood vessels, and organs causing- • Skin hyperextensibility • Joint dislocations • Tissue fragility • Poor wound healing.

24. Ehler-Danlos Syndrome • Hyperextensibility of skin • Hypermobility of joints

25. Alport Syndrome • Alport syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by glomerulonephritis, endstage kidney disease, and hearing loss. • It also affects the eyes. • The presence of blood in the urine [hematuria] is almost always found in this condition. • CAUSE • Mutations in COL4A3,COL4A4,COL4A5 collagen biosynthesis genes. • These prevent the production or assembly of the type IV collagen network in the basement membranes. • kidneys are scarred and unable to filter waste products resulting in hematuria and renal disease. Alport syndrome affecting eyes

26. Epidermolysis Bullosa • Epidermolysis bullosa refers to a group of inherited disorders that involve the formation of blisters following trivial trauma. • CAUSE • mutations in COL7A1, affecting the structure oftype VII collagen. • Type VII collagen forms delicate fibrils that anchor the basal lamina to collagen fibrils in the dermis. • These anchoring fibrils are reduced in this form of the disease, causing friction and blistering. • EFFECT • Blistering and painful sores like third degree burns Blister formation

27. Osteogenesis Imperfecta • Osteogenesisimperfecta or Brittle Bone Disease is a genetic bone disorder due to decrease dcollagen formation. • CAUSE • Mutations in the COL1A1 andCOL1A2 genes coding for procollagen chains. • Replacement of glycine by another bulkier amino acid resulting in decreased collagen or improper procollagen structure forming abnormal fibers. • Mutations also cause ‘procollagen suicide ‘ • All these cause brittleness. • EFFECT • Thin,transclucent, blue scleras. • Affected infants may be born with multiple fractures and not survive. • weak muscles, brittle teeth, a curved spine and hearing loss.

28. Chondrodysplasias • Chondrodysplasias are a mixed group of hereditary disorders affecting cartilage. • One example is Stickler syndrome, manifested by degeneration of joint cartilage and of the vitreous body of the eye. • CAUSE • Mutations in the COL2A1 gene, leading to abnormal forms of type II collagen. • EFFECT • shortlimbed dwarfism • skeletal deformities.

29. Osteolathyrism • Osteolathyrism is a collagen cross-linking deficiency caused by dietary over-reliance on the seeds of Lathyrussativus (kesaridal) in some parts of India. • CAUSE • Osteolathyrogenic compounds like Beta-aminopropionitrile(BAPN) and Beta-oxalylaminoalanine [BOAA] found in Kesari dhal inhibit enzyme lysyloxidase required for the formation of cross links in the triple helices • EFFECT • weakness and fragility of skin, bones, and blood vessels • Paralysis of the lower extremities associated with neurolathyrism

30. Scurvy • Scurvy is a disease due to deficiency of vitamin C • It is not a genetic disease. • It is related to improper collagen formation • CAUSE • Vitamin C [ascorbic acid ]is required as a cofactor for hydroxylase enzymes during the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in the synthesis of collagen. • Deficiency causes impaired collagen synthesis due to deficiency of hydroxylases. • EFFECT • Bleeding of gums • Poor wound healing • Subcutaneous hemorrhages

31. Uses Of Collagen • Industrial Uses • Collagen is used as temporary thermoplastic glues in musical instruments like violin and guitar . • Recently used as a fertilizer • Gelatin derived from the partial hydrolysis of collagen is used in food products like desserts, jellies. • It is also used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and photography industries. • Medical uses • Mild benefit to rheumatoid arthritis patients. • Keeps the valvular leaflets of heart in shape. • Helps in the deposition of calcium during aging. • Used in cosmetic surgery, for burn patients for reconstruction of bone and a wide variety of dental, orthopedic and surgical purposes. • Main ingredient of cosmetic makeup. • Human collagen is used for immunosuppression during transplantation.

32. Elastin The main constituent of elastic fibers in ligaments, walls of large arteries, lungs. Molecule contains about 800 amino acid residues Has globular shape. Is joined into the fibrous cords.

33. Contains a lot of glycine, alanine, proline, valine There are no oxilysine and cysteine Residues of lisine form the cross covalent bonds The net structure is formed which can strech two and more times.

34. PROTEOGLYCANS Proteoglycans – the main extracellular matrix of connective tissue. Consist of protein part + polisaccharide chains Molecular weight – tens millions. Polisaccharides - glycosaminoglycans (acidic mucopolisaccharides) are built from the large amount of identical disaccharide units. Disaccharide – aminosugar N-acetylglucosamin or N-acetylgalactosamin +uronic acid (glucuronic or iduronic)+sulfate(sometime).

35. Hyaluronic acid • Is contained in synovial fluid (lubricant in joints), vitreous substance of eye • In rheumatic diseases and arthritis hyaluronic acid is depolimerized and the viscosity of synovial fluid is decreased • Forms the viscous solutions • Retains water

36. Heparin • Is synthesized by tissue basofils • During degranulation is ejected into the extracellular matrix • Participates in the regulation of blood coagulation. • Increases the release of enzyme lipoprotein lipase into blood plasma

37. Keratins •Keratine are fibrous proteins present in hair, skin an nail, horn, hoof, etc. •They mainly have the alpha helical structure. •Each fibril has 3 polypeptide chains and each bundle has about 10-12 fibrils. • The matrix has cysteine-rich polypeptide chains which are held together by disulfide bonds. •The more the number of disulfide bonds, the harder the keratin is.