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Warm up – Page 5. What are the 3 stages of memory? What is encoding? What are the 5 different ways we encode info? Class- Demos 4 and 5. Part 2 Sensory Memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory. Part 2. Storage:Sensory Memory.
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Warm up – Page 5 • What are the 3 stages of memory? • What is encoding? • What are the 5 different ways we encode info? • Class- Demos 4 and 5
Part 2 Sensory Memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Part 2
Storage:Sensory Memory Sensory Memory:refers to the initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. All information is held here briefly(1/2 to 4 seconds) • Filter system- figures out if the stimuli is important Sensory Memories include both: • Iconic Memory: a momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli. Memory only lasts for a few tenths of a second. • Echoic Memory:a momentary sensory memory for auditory stimuli. Sound memories can usually last up to 3 or 4 seconds. Sensory memory is very hard to measure since it fades as we try to measure it.
Demo 1- Sensory Memory AGB TJK WLP
KRG XDT WLP
XCV BHY OTR
MKL WDC BGT
DWS VFT GXC
ZXA QKI NHY
FVG HYU AVH
JKI LKM NYT
How Does Sensory Memory Get Processed Into Memory? • Sensory memories disappear unless you focus your selective attention on the information. • Attention causes information to be further processed. • Rehearse things and make them relevant and meaningful to yourself • Only way to get info into short term and then eventually into long term memory storage
Storage: Short Term Memory • Peterson Study • Demo 2 • 1. You want to remember TXL • 2. Start counting backwards from 100 by 3s • 3. After 5 seconds write the trigram on your activity sheet Remember LTS • 4. After 20 seconds write the trigram on your activity sheet • 5. Why did you forget the trigram as time goes on • If you don’t rehearse info. it goes away
Storage: Short Term Memory • STM- has a limited capacity and duration • Couple seconds • 7 +/- 2 • Remember random digits better than random letters • Remember things we hear better than things we see • If you use chunking, rehearsal and self reference you will remember things longer • Only through rehearsal and or self reference do short-term memories become long term memories.
Is Long Term Memory Like an Attic? • Sherlock Holmes: “I consider that a man’s brain is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose…It is a mistake to think that that little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something you knew before.” • Is this true?
Storage- Long Term Memory • Average adult has a billion bits of info in their memory • If you don’t properly encode info, it becomes hard to recall • We don’t always encode info correctly • LTM= limitless capacity • Rajan Mahadeva = Pi experiment
Demo 3 • 2 1 6 9 6 4 6 1 5 1 9 9 7 2 5 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 9 6 1 6 0 8 9 4 • 4-6 average • 10-19 extraordinary • 20-30 brilliant
So Where Are Memories Stored? • Karl Lashley searched for the brain “engram,” physical “memory trace” in rats after they had run mazes from 1920 to 1955. • Lashley believed: • Learning was NOT localized, all parts of cortex worked together and as a whole.
Neural Basis and Emotional Impact For Memory • Long Term Potentiation (LTP): refers to the long-lasting strengthening of the connection between 2 neurons. Is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory. • Process occurs naturally when we learn through association…after learning has occurred, neurons involved in process become more efficient at transmitting the signals. • Drugs that block LTP affect learning drastically. • Strong emotions make for stronger memories • Stress hormones boost impact on learning.
Storage Loss: Amnesia • Amnesiarefers to the loss of memory. • Depending on the damage or disease different kinds of memories can be damaged • Amnesiac patients typically have losses in explicit memory. • Explicit Memory (declarative memory): memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. • My birthday is ……… • Napoleon is…………
Hippocampus’s Role in Explicit Memory • Hippocampus: neural center located in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage….left and right hippocampus have different effects.
Hippocampus’s Role in Explicit Memory • Names, images and events • Damage to the Left= trouble with verbal info. • Damage to Right= visual designs and locations • Different parts of the brain house different memories • Monkeys with Hippocampus damage had old memories that remained intact
Implicit Memory • Other type of memory storage is known as: • Implicit Memory (Procedural Memory): retention of things without conscious recollection. Is Skill Memory. • Walking • Riding a bike • Soccer
Cerebellum’s Role in Implicit Memory • Cerebellum: helps facilitate associate learning responses • ie classical conditioning. • Cutting pathway to the cerebellum makes rabbits unable to learn conditioned responses.
Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive A Diagram For Your Viewing Pleasure
Warm Up – pg 8 • How do you get info into Long TermMemory? • What is the purpose of Sensory Memory? • What is Long Term Potential? • What is the capacity of STM? • What is the difference between explicit and implicit memories? • Where are explicit memories stored?
Retrieval: Getting Information Out • Recall: a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. • Ex: Fill in the Blank.
Retrieval: Getting Information Out • Recognition: a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned. • Easier than recall • Ex: Multiple Choice
Retrieval Cues • Priming:activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations of memory. • Missing child poster…. Kidnapped • Tastes, smells,sights
Context Effects Memory Retrieval: able to retrieve information better when you are in the same context you learned it in. Deja Vu Retrieval Cues
Emotional/Mood Impact of Memory: • 1. State-Dependent Memory: information is most easily recalled when in same “state” of consciousness it was learned in. • Drunk • 2. Mood Congruent Memory: tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood. • Depressed ppl recall parents as rejecting , mean….. • Teenagers and their relationships with their parents • Bad mood…. Look=glare
Absent Mindedness – inattention to details produces encoding failure Transience- unused info. fades Blocking- unable to access stored info….tip of your tongue Misattribution- confusing the source of the info. 7 sins of Memory
5. Suggestibility- the lingering effects of misinformation Leading questions 6.Bias-belief- colored recollections 7. Persistence-unwanted memories won’t go away
Blocking Demo • Oslo • Ankara • Nairobi • Montevideo • Lhasa • Canberra • Lisbon • Bucharest • Port- au- Prince • Sofia • Seoul • Baghdad • Nicosia
Nicosia • Manila • Managua • Helsinki • Bogota • Ottawa • Bangkok • Caracas • Juneau • Santa Fe • Pierre • Jefferson City • Topeka • Dover
27. Raleigh 28. Montpellier 29.Olympia 30. Cheyenne 31.Jackson 32. Concord 33. Boise 34. Springfield 35. Harrisburg 36. Salem 37. Helena 38. Hartford 39. Lansing 40. Augusta
Forgetting • Forgetting is a result of either: • Encoding Failure • Storage Decay OR • Retrieval Failure
Forgetting As Encoding Failure • Information never enters the memory system • Attention is selective • we cannot attend to everything in our environment • William James said that we would be as bad off if we remembered everything as we would be if we remembered nothing • Change Blindness • Penny