Warm up – Page 5

1. Warm up – Page 5 • What are the 3 stages of memory? • What is encoding? • What are the 5 different ways we encode info? • Class- Demos 4 and 5

2. Part 2 Sensory Memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Part 2

3. Storage:Sensory Memory Sensory Memory:refers to the initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. All information is held here briefly(1/2 to 4 seconds) • Filter system- figures out if the stimuli is important Sensory Memories include both: • Iconic Memory: a momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli. Memory only lasts for a few tenths of a second. • Echoic Memory:a momentary sensory memory for auditory stimuli. Sound memories can usually last up to 3 or 4 seconds. Sensory memory is very hard to measure since it fades as we try to measure it.

4. George Sperling’s Experiment to Measure Iconic Memory

5. Demo 1- Sensory Memory AGB TJK WLP

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21. How Does Sensory Memory Get Processed Into Memory? • Sensory memories disappear unless you focus your selective attention on the information. • Attention causes information to be further processed. • Rehearse things and make them relevant and meaningful to yourself • Only way to get info into short term and then eventually into long term memory storage

22. Storage: Short Term Memory • Peterson Study • Demo 2 • 1. You want to remember TXL • 2. Start counting backwards from 100 by 3s • 3. After 5 seconds write the trigram on your activity sheet Remember LTS • 4. After 20 seconds write the trigram on your activity sheet • 5. Why did you forget the trigram as time goes on • If you don’t rehearse info. it goes away

23. Storage: Short Term Memory • STM- has a limited capacity and duration • Couple seconds • 7 +/- 2 • Remember random digits better than random letters • Remember things we hear better than things we see • If you use chunking, rehearsal and self reference you will remember things longer • Only through rehearsal and or self reference do short-term memories become long term memories.

24. Is Long Term Memory Like an Attic? • Sherlock Holmes: “I consider that a man’s brain is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose…It is a mistake to think that that little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something you knew before.” • Is this true?

25. Storage- Long Term Memory • Average adult has a billion bits of info in their memory • If you don’t properly encode info, it becomes hard to recall • We don’t always encode info correctly • LTM= limitless capacity • Rajan Mahadeva = Pi experiment

26. Demo 3 • 2 1 6 9 6 4 6 1 5 1 9 9 7 2 5 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 9 6 1 6 0 8 9 4 • 4-6 average • 10-19 extraordinary • 20-30 brilliant

27. So Where Are Memories Stored? • Karl Lashley searched for the brain “engram,” physical “memory trace” in rats after they had run mazes from 1920 to 1955. • Lashley believed: • Learning was NOT localized, all parts of cortex worked together and as a whole.

28. Neural Basis and Emotional Impact For Memory • Long Term Potentiation (LTP): refers to the long-lasting strengthening of the connection between 2 neurons. Is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory. • Process occurs naturally when we learn through association…after learning has occurred, neurons involved in process become more efficient at transmitting the signals. • Drugs that block LTP affect learning drastically. • Strong emotions make for stronger memories • Stress hormones boost impact on learning.

29. Storage Loss: Amnesia • Amnesiarefers to the loss of memory. • Depending on the damage or disease different kinds of memories can be damaged • Amnesiac patients typically have losses in explicit memory. • Explicit Memory (declarative memory): memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. • My birthday is ……… • Napoleon is…………

30. Hippocampus’s Role in Explicit Memory • Hippocampus: neural center located in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage….left and right hippocampus have different effects.

31. Hippocampus’s Role in Explicit Memory • Names, images and events • Damage to the Left= trouble with verbal info. • Damage to Right= visual designs and locations • Different parts of the brain house different memories • Monkeys with Hippocampus damage had old memories that remained intact

32. Implicit Memory • Other type of memory storage is known as: • Implicit Memory (Procedural Memory): retention of things without conscious recollection. Is Skill Memory. • Walking • Riding a bike • Soccer

33. Cerebellum’s Role in Implicit Memory • Cerebellum: helps facilitate associate learning responses • ie classical conditioning. • Cutting pathway to the cerebellum makes rabbits unable to learn conditioned responses.

34. Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive A Diagram For Your Viewing Pleasure

35. Warm Up – pg 8 • How do you get info into Long TermMemory? • What is the purpose of Sensory Memory? • What is Long Term Potential? • What is the capacity of STM? • What is the difference between explicit and implicit memories? • Where are explicit memories stored?

36. Chapter 9 Memory pt. 2: Storage, Retrieval, and Forgetting

37. Retrieval: Getting Information Out • Recall: a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. • Ex: Fill in the Blank.

38. Retrieval: Getting Information Out • Recognition: a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned. • Easier than recall • Ex: Multiple Choice

39. Retrieval Cues • Priming:activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations of memory. • Missing child poster…. Kidnapped • Tastes, smells,sights

40. Context Effects Memory Retrieval: able to retrieve information better when you are in the same context you learned it in. Deja Vu Retrieval Cues

41. Demo 1

42. Emotional/Mood Impact of Memory: • 1. State-Dependent Memory: information is most easily recalled when in same “state” of consciousness it was learned in. • Drunk • 2. Mood Congruent Memory: tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood. • Depressed ppl recall parents as rejecting , mean….. • Teenagers and their relationships with their parents • Bad mood…. Look=glare

43. Absent Mindedness – inattention to details produces encoding failure Transience- unused info. fades Blocking- unable to access stored info….tip of your tongue Misattribution- confusing the source of the info. 7 sins of Memory

44. 5. Suggestibility- the lingering effects of misinformation Leading questions 6.Bias-belief- colored recollections 7. Persistence-unwanted memories won’t go away

45. Blocking Demo • Oslo • Ankara • Nairobi • Montevideo • Lhasa • Canberra • Lisbon • Bucharest • Port- au- Prince • Sofia • Seoul • Baghdad • Nicosia

46. Nicosia • Manila • Managua • Helsinki • Bogota • Ottawa • Bangkok • Caracas • Juneau • Santa Fe • Pierre • Jefferson City • Topeka • Dover

47. 27. Raleigh 28. Montpellier 29.Olympia 30. Cheyenne 31.Jackson 32. Concord 33. Boise 34. Springfield 35. Harrisburg 36. Salem 37. Helena 38. Hartford 39. Lansing 40. Augusta

48. Forgetting • Forgetting is a result of either: • Encoding Failure • Storage Decay OR • Retrieval Failure

49. Forgetting As Encoding Failure • Information never enters the memory system • Attention is selective • we cannot attend to everything in our environment • William James said that we would be as bad off if we remembered everything as we would be if we remembered nothing • Change Blindness • Penny

50. Encoding Failure: Which Penny is the Real Deal?