Prologue: The Story of Psychology

1. Prologue: The Story of Psychology Contemporary Psychology Subfields Early Science Psychology’s roots Study Skills

2. 1. Psychology is defined as: • A) the study of behavior and mental processes. • B) the study of behavior. • C) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • D) the science of behavior and consequences.

3. 2. Socrates and Plato were in agreement that: • A) knowledge is something we are born with. • B) knowledge is something taught and learned. • C) the mind is the result of bodily fluids. • D) the mind is the activity of the brain.

4. 3. It was _____ who believed that the mind grows from experiences in our memory. • A) Socrates • B) Plato • C) Descartes • D) Aristotle

5. 4. ____ believed the fluid in the cavities of the brain contained “animal spirits”. • A) Plato • B) Bacon • C) Aristotle • D) Descartes

6. An essay of the political philosopher _____, arguing the mind is a blank slate, helped form modern empiricism. • A) Bacon • B) Locke • C) Descartes • D) Plato

7. 6. The first psychological laboratory was established by: • A) Wilhelm Wundt. • B) Sigmund Freud. • C) John Locke. • D) B.F. Skinner.

8. 7. Tichner believed in the method called ____ to investigate psychological processes. • A) the experimental method • B) cause-and-effect relationships • C) introspection • D) psychoanalysis

9. 8. William James studied behavior based on how it was adaptive. He was heavily influenced by _____. • A) John Locke • B) Charles Darwin • C) Sigmund Freud • D) Francis Bacon

10. 9. Mary Calkins was famous for: • A) being the first female president of the APA. • B) being a leading proponent of structuralism. • C) being the first female graduate student, thanks to Titchner. • D) all of the above.

11. 10. The first textbook was written by: • A) Washburn. • B) Titchner. • C) Wundt. • D) James.

12. 11. Watson and Skinner would be in agreement in their: • A) high esteem of psychoanalysis. • B) dismissal of introspection. • C) definition of psychology as the study of behavior and mental processes. • D) study of cognitive neuroscience.

13. 12. Current psychology employs three main levels of analysis, which include all of the following except: • A) biological. • B) psychological. • C) psychoanalytical. • D) social-cultural.

14. 13. A psychologist explains human mate selection in terms of helping the species to continue. She is using the ____ perspective. • A) social-cultural • B) neuroscience • C) evolutionary • D) biological

15. 14. In psychology, the current stand on the nature-nurture controversy is: • A) nature works on what nature endows. • B) learning is far more important than genetics. • C) genetics is far more important than learning. • D) we are born with a blank slate until learning occurs.

16. 15. In studying anger, the psychologist who views an anger outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility is coming from the ___ perspective. • A) neuroscience • B) evolutionary • C) cognitive • D) psychodynamic

17. 16. The psychologist most likely to treat mental disorders is the: • A) counseling psychologist. • B) clinical psychologist. • C) personality psychologist. • D) developmental psychologist.

18. 17. The ___ has a medical degree and prescribes medication. • A) clinical psychologist • B) neuropsychologist • C) psychiatrist • D) all of the above

19. 18. You are a VP in a major corporation and need to hire a professional to help hire and train employees more effectively. Your best choice would likely be a(n): • A) industrial/organizational psychologist. • B) clinical psychologist. • C) social psychologist. • D) cognitive psychologist.

20. 19. Research aimed at building psychology’s knowledge base is: • A) applied research. • B) academic research. • C) basic research. • D) theoretical research.

21. 20. The psychological specialty most likely to focus on applied research is: • A) Biological Psychology. • B) Cognitive Psychology. • C) Personality Psychology. • D) Industrial/Organizational Psychology.

22. 21. The correct order of the SQ3R method is: • A) survey, question, review, read, reflect. • B) survey, question, read, review, reflect. • C) survey, question, read, reorganize, regurgitate. • D) study, question, re-study, re-read, review.

23. 22. Your friend, Bob, tells you he only studies the day before the test, so it is, “fresh”. You point out: • A) short-term memory is more accurate than long-term memory. • B) studying right before the test is better than the day before. • C) spaced practice is more effective. • D) as long as he follows the SQ3R model, he should do fine.

24. 23. In class, you can listen actively by: • A) asking questions. • B) write down main ideas. • C) thinking about what is being said. • D) all of the above.

25. 24: Your text recommends the way to answer multiple-choice questions is to: • A) cover the answers first. • B) weigh the potential of each answer. • C) eliminate the wrong answers first. • D) imagine how each answer could be the right one.

26. 25. Over 100 years ago, _____ urged active listening, stating, “No reception without reaction, no impression without . . . expression.” • A) Sigmund Freud • B) William James • C) John Locke • D) Wilhelm Wundt

27. Answers Stop here, or continue as a review

28. 1. Psychology is defined as: • A) the study of behavior and mental processes. • B) the study of behavior. • C) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • D) the science of behavior and consequences. 2

29. 2. Socrates and Plato were in agreement that: • A) knowledge is something we are born with. • B) knowledge is something taught and learned. • C) the mind is the result of bodily fluids. • D) the mind is the activity of the brain. 2

30. 3. It was _____ who believed that the mind grows from experiences in our memory. • A) Socrates • B) Plato • C) Descartes • D) Aristotle 2

31. 4. ____ believed the fluid in the cavities of the brain contained “animal spirits”. • A) Plato • B) Bacon • C) Aristotle • D) Descartes 3

32. An essay of the political philosopher _____, arguing the mind is a blank slate, helped form modern empiricism. • A) Bacon • B) Locke • C) Descartes • D) Plato 3

33. 6. The first psychological laboratory was established by: • A) Wilhelm Wundt. • B) Sigmund Freud. • C) John Locke. • D) B.F. Skinner. 4

34. 7. Titchner believed in the method called ____ to investigate psychological processes. • A) the experimental method • B) cause-and-effect relationships • C) introspection • D) psychoanalysis 4

35. 8. William James studied behavior based on how it was adaptive. He was heavily influenced by _____. • A) John Locke • B) Charles Darwin • C) Sigmund Freud • D) Francis Bacon 5

36. 9. Mary Calkins was famous for: • A) being the first female president of the APA. • B) being a leading proponent of structuralism. • C) being the first female graduate student, thanks to Titchner. • D) all of the above. 5

37. 10. The first textbook was written by: • A) Washburn. • B) Titchner. • C) Wundt. • D) James. 6

38. 11. Watson and Skinner would be in agreement in their: • A) high esteem of psychoanalysis. • B) dismissal of introspection. • C) definition of psychology as the study of behavior and mental processes. • D) study of cognitive neuroscience. 7

39. 12. Current psychology employs three main levels of analysis, which include all of the following except: • A) biological. • B) psychological. • C) psychoanalytical. • D) social-cultural. 10

40. 13. A psychologist explains human mate selection in terms of helping the species to continue. She is using the ____ perspective. • A) social-cultural • B) neuroscience • C) evolutionary • D) biological 11

41. 14. In psychology, the current stand on the nature-nurture controversy is: • A) nature works on what nature endows. • B) learning is far more important than genetics. • C) genetics is far more important than learning. • D) we are born with a blank slate until learning occurs. 10

42. 15. In studying anger, the psychologist who views an anger outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility is coming from the ___ perspective. • A) neuroscience • B) evolutionary • C) cognitive • D) psychodynamic 11

43. 16. The psychologist most likely to treat mental disorders is the: • A) counseling psychologist. • B) clinical psychologist. • C) personality psychologist. • D) developmental psychologist. 12

44. 17. The ___ has a medical degree and prescribes medication. • A) clinical psychologist • B) neuropsychologist • C) psychiatrist • D) all of the above 13

45. 18. You are a VP in a major corporation and need to hire a professional to help hire and train employees more effectively. Your best choice would likely be a(n): • A) industrial/organizational psychologist. • B) clinical psychologist. • C) social psychologist. • D) cognitive psychologist. 12

46. 19. Research aimed at building psychology’s knowledge base is: • A) applied research. • B) academic research. • C) basic research. • D) theoretical research. 12

47. 20. The psychological specialty most likely to focus on applied research is: • A) Biological Psychology. • B) Cognitive Psychology. • C) Personality Psychology. • D) Industrial/Organizational Psychology. 13

48. 21. Over 100 years ago, _____ urged active listening, stating, “No reception without reaction, no impression without . . . expression.” • A) Sigmund Freud • B) William James • C) John Locke • D) Wilhelm Wundt 16

49. Answers