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Conceiving Children: Process and Parenthood Choices

Explore the options of parenthood, benefits of remaining childless, advantages of having children, infertility causes and treatments, reproductive technologies, pregnancy detection, miscarriage, elective abortion statistics, and cross-cultural analysis.

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Conceiving Children: Process and Parenthood Choices

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  1. Chapter 11Conceiving Children: Process and Choice

  2. Parenthood as an OptionAdvantages of Remaining Childless • More time for self and partner • More financial resources • Marriage less stressful • More spontaneity • More devotion to career

  3. Parenthood as an OptionAdvantages of Having Children • Children give and receive love • May enhance relationship • Builds self-esteem, sense of accomplishment • Greater meaning and satisfaction

  4. Becoming PregnantEnhancing the Possibility • Intercourse just prior to or at ovulation • Predicting ovulation • Mucus, calendar, BBT methods • Ovulation predictor urine tests

  5. Infertility • Diagnosis • More than 6 months of trying = problem • Not conceiving after at least 1 year • 1 in 6 U.S. couples seek help • Causes • Complex, hard to determine • Unidentifiable in 15% of cases • 85-90% of cases can be treated • Challenges in relationships

  6. Female Infertility • Failure to ovulate regularly • Below normal body weight • Smoking and substance abuse • Infertility increases with age • Cervical mucus may destroy sperm • Sperm may not reach the egg • Fertilized egg may not implant

  7. Male Infertility • Abnormal sperm count or motility • Caused by poor nutrition • Substance abuse • Environmental toxins • STIs • Impaired sperm production • Varicocele • Congenital abnormalities

  8. Reproductive Technologies • Artificial insemination • Surrogacy • Assisted reproductive technology (ART) • In vitro fertilization (IVF, ZIFT, or GIFT)

  9. Concerns Regarding Reproductive Technologies • Expense • Legal, ethical, and personal dilemmas • 75% failure rate • 20-30% end in multiple embryos • Health concerns

  10. Pregnancy Detection • First signs • Light period, spotting, or no period; fatigue; tender breasts • Nausea/Vomiting: appetite change • Blood or urine for HCG • Subtle softening of uterus at 6 weeks

  11. MiscarriageSpontaneous Abortion • Occurs in first 20 weeks • 10-20% of all pregnancies • Emotional impact can be significant • Individual or couple may consider grief support

  12. Elective Abortion U.S. Statistics Part 1 • 25% of U.S. pregnancies end in elective abortion • 1% occur after 20 weeks • 50% of women will have abortion by age 45

  13. Elective AbortionU.S. Statistics Part 2 • Of yearly abortion rates • Young, unmarried, white women obtain most • 20% married women • 60% previously given birth • Women with 4+ children are more likely to have an abortion than women with fewer children • 43% Protestant; 27% Catholic

  14. Reasons Why Women Decide to Have Elective Abortions • Younger women • unprepared for motherhood • Older women • difficulties meeting needs for current children • In the U.S. two-thirds of women who have abortions cite financial reasons • 60% of abortions occur among those with incomes below $28,000 for a family of 3

  15. Elective Abortions Cross-Cultural Analysis Part 1 • U.S. has one of the highest abortion rates among developed countries • All countries with lower rates provide • Comprehensive sex education • Easy access to inexpensive birth control and emergency contraception • Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium have 66% lower rates than U.S.; France 50% lower

  16. Elective AbortionsCross-Cultural Analysis Part 2 • Highest abortion rates are in countries • With severe restrictions on abortion • Do not provide the social services for women and children • Do not provide sex education and access to contraception

  17. Types of Abortion Procedures • Medical abortion • Suction curettage • Dilation and evacuation (D and E) • Prostaglandin induction • Late-term abortion (intact dilation and evacuation) • Illegal abortion

  18. Medical Abortions

  19. U.S. Abortion Controversy Historical Overview • Early American law allowed abortion until quickening (movement of the fetus) • 1973: Roe vs. Wade • 1977: Hyde Amendment • State restrictions or limitations • Waiting period, parental notification

  20. U.S. Abortion Controversy Current Debate • Majority of Americans believe abortion should remain legal • Pro-life goals • Pro-choice goals

  21. Experience of Pregnancy • Wide range of positive and negative emotions • Emotions are affected by physical changes • First trimester • increased fatigue, nausea, and breast changes • Second trimester • movement felt; heightened sense of well-being • Third trimester • increased size; greater discomfort

  22. Pregnancy at Ninth Month

  23. Experience of PregnancyMale Partner • Ecstasy to ambivalence to fearfulness • Male partner may feel closeness or separation toward female counterpart • Concern about financial impact • Active involvement helps

  24. Fetal DevelopmentFirst Trimester • Zygote: united sperm cell and ovum • Blastocyst: multiple cells that implant • Heartbeat at 9-10 weeks after last period • 2nd month: spinal canal, arms/legs • 3rd month: internal organs

  25. Blastocyst

  26. Fetal DevelopmentSecond Trimester • Sex of fetus can be distinguished • External body parts develop including fingernails, eyebrows, and eyelashes • Skin covered by fine down-like hair • Growth in size • Fetal movements (quickening) by end of 4th month • By end of 2nd trimester fetus has opened its eyes

  27. Fetal DevelopmentThird Trimester • Develop size and strength • Down-like hair disappears • Skin smoother • Vernix caseosa • protective creamy, waxy substance

  28. Risks to Fetal Development • Harmful substances pass to baby via placenta • Prescription and non-prescription drugs • 1997: viable fetus can be protected under child abuse laws • Nicotine, caffeine, alcohol (FAS)

  29. Placenta

  30. Prenatal Care • Health assessment before pregnancy • Good nutrition • Adequate rest • Routine health care • Moderate exercise • Prenatal education

  31. Pregnancy after Age 35 • Essentially safe with prenatal care • Fertility decreases with age • Heightened rate of fetal defects due to chromosomal abnormalities

  32. Contemporary Childbirth • Prepared childbirth • Lamaze • Birthplace alternatives • Homebirth

  33. First Stage Childbirth • 10 to 16 hours in duration • Bloody show • Water breaks • Effacing or thinning of cervix • Slight dilation

  34. First Stage Childbirth

  35. Second Stage Childbirth • 30 minutes to 2 hours in duration • Begins at full dilation • Infant descends through vagina • Ends with delivery of baby

  36. Second Stage Childbirth

  37. Third Stage Childbirth • 20 to 30 minutes in duration • Begins at delivery of the baby • Placenta separates and is pushed out • Ends with delivery of placenta

  38. Third Stage Childbirth

  39. Cesarean Section • Baby delivered through incision • 1970: 5.5% U.S. births by C-section • 2006: 31% U.S. births by C-section • Higher C-section rates have not improved maternal and infant survival rates

  40. Postpartum • Range of feelings from excited and happy to tearful • Baby blues affect 75% • Postpartum depression (PPD) affect 15% • Sleep deprivation heightens stress

  41. Breastfeeding • Initial colostrum has protein and antibodies • Mature milk “comes in” soon • Milk will “dry up” if baby does not suckle at the breast

  42. Advantages to Breastfeeding • Digestible food with antibodies • Prevents uterine hemorrhage • Emotional and sensual experience • Promotes bonding

  43. Short-term Disadvantages to Breastfeeding • Vaginal dryness due to decreased estrogen • Temporary breast tenderness • Leaking milk • Harder to share feeding duties

  44. Sexual Intercourse After Childbirth • Vaginal Birth • After lochia flow stops and vaginal area heals • 3 to 4 weeks • C-section • When incision healed • When desire returns • Varies considerably • Often 6 to 8 weeks

  45. Sexual Interaction After Childbirth • Activities can include more non-coital and/or affectionate behaviors • Factors that interfere • Fatigue lowers desire and ability • Decreased time due to caring for baby • Negative pre-pregnancy attitudes

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