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Information Systems Hardware

Information Systems Hardware. Chapter 2. Chapter Objectives. Understand the important role of IS hardware in the success of modern organizations Describe key elements of IS hardware List and describe the types of computers used in organizations today

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Information Systems Hardware

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  1. Information Systems Hardware Chapter 2

  2. Chapter Objectives • Understand the important role of IS hardware in the success of modern organizations • Describe key elements of IS hardware • List and describe the types of computers used in organizations today • Explain how hardware has evolved and where it is headed

  3. The Importance of Information Systems Hardware • Used in a rapidly changing, highly competitive global economy • Relied upon for the exchange of real-time information • Used on a daily basis for work, school, and fun

  4. Key Elements of Information Systems Hardware

  5. Input: How Information is Entered into an Information System • The type of information determines how it is input • Text, numbers • Drawings, designs • Audio, video

  6. Entering Original Text / Numbers • Keyboard is most common entry device • Advanced keyboards are ergonomically designed

  7. Selecting and Pointing • Mouse - most common pointing device • Trackball • Joysticks • Touch screens • Light pens

  8. Entering Batch Data • Used for entering large amounts of routine information • Scanners • Convert printed text and images into digital data • Text recognition software • Convert handwritten text to digital data • Bar Code/Optical Character Readers • Use light to scan magnetic data

  9. Audio and Video • Microphone • Digital cameras • Video cameras • Videocassette recorders

  10. Processing: Transforming Inputs into Outputs • All input must be converted into computer readable format • Internal processing uses binary notation • Binary consists of a series of 0’s and 1’s • Each 0 or 1 is a bit • A combination of eight bits is a byte • ASCII represents numbers and letters in binary code

  11. Key Processing Elements • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Interprets and executes commands • Controls movement of data • Primary storage • Current • Secondary storage • Permanent

  12. Figure 2.10

  13. Primary Storage: Storage for Current Information • Nonvolatile • ROM (Read Only Memory) • Holds instructions to start up the computer • Volatile • RAM (Random Access Memory) • Stores data and program instructions the CPU is currently working on • Cache Memory • Fast RAM for instructions queuing for immediate processing by the CPU

  14. Elements of Computer Storage

  15. Secondary Storage: Keeping Information for Later Use • Permanent storage of data and programs • Magnetic tape • Floppy disks • Fixed disks • Compact discs • Optical disks

  16. Magnetic Tape • Same medium as audio cassette tapes • Data stored by magnetically rearranging atoms on tape • Uses sequential data access • Primarily used for backing up large amounts of data

  17. Floppy Disks • Small magnetic disks • Transfer data between computers • Use direct data access (random access) • 2.5” disk holds 1.44 MB • Iomega’s ZIP disk can store 100 MB

  18. Fixed Disks • Several magnetic platters in a sealed container • Read/Write heads for each platter surface • Greater storage capacity and data transfer rate than floppy disks

  19. CD-ROM (Compact DiscRead-Only Memory) • Uses the same technology as audio CD • Uses direct access • Holds 650MB • Slower than fixed disk • CD-R (CD-Recordable) drives available

  20. Optical Disks • Similar to CD-ROM technology • May be rewritten many times • Storage capacity of over 1 gigabyte (GB) on a single disk • Disks and disk players relatively expensive

  21. The Central Processing Unit: The Brain of the Computer • Calculates and manipulates data • Composed of millions of transistors • Operates on electronic impulses • Can perform more than a million instructions per second

  22. Output: How Information is Displayed and Printed • Output types are limited • Video output • Printer • Sound

  23. Video Output • Monitors • Most common video display • Uses a cathode ray tube (CRT) • Liquid crystal display (LCD) • Used in portable computers • Monitors embedded in many other devices

  24. Paper-Based Displays • Printers • Dot-matrix: form letters using a series of small dots • Inkjet: spray ink on paper from a small cartridge • Laser: use an electrostatic process to burn ink to the paper • Plotters • Transfer designs to drafting paper

  25. Audio Output • Uses small speakers and a sound card • Translates digitized data into sound

  26. Types of Computers • Supercomputers • Mainframes • Minicomputers • Workstations • Microcomputers

  27. Supercomputers • The most powerful and expensive computers • Contain numerous very fast processors that work in parallel • Used by researchers and scientists to solve very complex problems • Cost more than 1 million dollars

  28. Mainframes • The backbone of large corporate computing • The only type of computer that existed 30 years ago • Used for enterprise-wide computing

  29. Minicomputers • Scaled down versions of mainframes • Smaller • Less expensive • Declining market due to faster and more powerful microcomputers

  30. Workstations • The power of a minicomputer on a desktop • Leaders in the market • Silicon Graphics • Sun Micro Systems • DEC • Process intensive applications • Computer-Aided Design (CAD) • Web Servers

  31. Microcomputers • Often called personal computers • Desktop models • Portable computers • Most commonly used computing technology for knowledge workers

  32. Evolution of Information Systems Hardware • Shifts in computing eras facilitated by changes in computing technology • Evolution marked by significant events creating four generations of hardware

  33. The First Generation:Vacuum Tubes • 1946 - 1958 • ENIAC: one of the first computers • 1946 • Room-size with 18,000 vacuum tubes • Replaced in 1950 by the UNIVAC • Mainframe era begins

  34. The Second Generation: Transistors • 1958 -1964 • Transistors generate less heat • Transistors are smaller, faster, and more reliable • First transistors smaller than a dime • Mainframe era continues

  35. The Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (IC) • 1964 -1990 • Multiple transistors on a single chip • IBM 360 - First mainframe to use IC • DEC PDP-11 - First minicomputer • 1975 - Altair 8800 first microcomputer • 1981 - IBM introduced the PC • End of mainframe era, through mini era to personal computing era

  36. The Fourth Generation and Beyond • 1990 - Present • Radical new applications • Multimedia: the integration of voice, video and data • Internet for video conferencing • End-user computing

  37. The Future of Information System Hardware • Will continue the trend of smaller, faster, cheaper and ubiquitous • Virtual Reality • Wearable Computing • Smart Cards

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