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Information Systems Hardware

Information Systems Hardware. MIS 320 Kraig K. Pencil Summer 2012. A. Game Plan. Computer hierarchy Bits and bytes IS Hardware Processing and storage. B: Computer Hierarchy. Servers : computers that serve multiple users simultaneously

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Information Systems Hardware

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  1. Information Systems Hardware MIS 320 Kraig K. Pencil Summer 2012

  2. A. Game Plan • Computer hierarchy • Bits and bytes • IS Hardware • Processing and storage

  3. B: Computer Hierarchy Servers: computers that serve multiple users simultaneously Photo: Facebook servers. (Time Magazine) http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,2036928_2218539,00.html http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,2036928_2218543,00.html

  4. B. Computer Hierarchy • Rank the following from largest to smallest: • Micro computer • Mainframe • Workstation • PDA • Supercomputer

  5. B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.) • Supercomputer • Most processing power • Common applications: Large simulation models of real-world phenomena • E.g., • Price: $250k - $20 million • Mainframe Computer • “Big iron”, “Enterprise Server” • Used in large corporations for centralized transaction processing and maintaining large databases • Example applications: E-commerce (e.g., servers for Amazon WWW systems), Airline reservations • Price: > $100k

  6. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/mainframe-computers-that-change-with-the-times/?ref=technologyhttp://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/mainframe-computers-that-change-with-the-times/?ref=technology • Main frame for 75,000 dollars. . . considered to be cheap, and an effective counter move from IBM against cloud based data centers.

  7. B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.) 4. Workstation • Desktop machines • “PC on steroids” • Provide very high-speed calculations and high-resolution graphics and 3-D graphics • Example applications: DSS for stock market analysts and engineers, software development, animated movies • Vendors include Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, Apple Computer

  8. B. Computer Hierarchy (cont.) 5. Microcomputer • Desktop PC, Mac, Laptop, tablet • Often single-user, but can be used as servers • Example applications: TPS for smaller organizations, MIS reports, DSS for decision makers 6. Smart Phone / Personal digital assistant (PDA) • I-Phone, Android, Blackberry … • Wireless capabilities: WWW and E-mail • Example business applications: communications, inventory management, healthcare

  9. C. Bits and Bytes • Binary notation • Common format (“language”) for computers • Expressed as a series of ___s and ___s • Bit • “Binary digit” • Byte • String of 8 bits  28 = 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 256) • Standard codes are used to represent characters/numbers • e.g., The character “A” = 01000001 (ASCII-8 code) The number “1” = 00110001 (ASCII-8 code) 0 1

  10. C. Bits and Bytes (cont.) 4. Bytes in perspective • Short document: 10,000 characters (or bytes) • Large SW program: Millions of bytes • Medium database: Billions of bytes • A large database: Trillions of bytes • A very large database: 1,000 trillions of bytes • Rank from largest to smallest • Megabyte • Terabyte • Petabyte • Kilobyte • Gigabyte

  11. D. IS Hardware • Recall the “5 Cs” of info processing • Capture (input) • Convey (output) • Create (process) • Cradle (primary & secondary storage) • Communicate • Our focus: Processing and primary/secondary storage • How are these hardware characteristics represented in the PC ads? • Example: Dell PC component list (see figures)

  12. Processing Image Source: Dell Computer: http://configure.us.dell.com/dellstore/config.aspx?oc=dxcwpp1&c=us&l=en&s=dhs&cs=19&kc=productdetails~desktop-studio-xps-435

  13. Memory Image Source: Dell Computer: http://configure.us.dell.com/dellstore/config.aspx?oc=dxcwpp1&c=us&l=en&s=dhs&cs=19&kc=productdetails~desktop-studio-xps-435

  14. Storage Image Source: Dell Computer: http://configure.us.dell.com/dellstore/config.aspx?oc=dxcwpp1&c=us&l=en&s=dhs&cs=19&kc=productdetails~desktop-studio-xps-435

  15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duzO0YX4WnA&feature=channel E. IS Hardware: Processing 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Performs the “bit crunching” • Microprocessor •  Many transistors on a silicon “chip” • Now: Can include billions of transistors • E.g., Intel “Tukwila” processor: 2 billion Transistor diagram

  16. Components of a Personal Computer CPU Top half of diagram: • Components onthe motherboard. Bottom half of diagram: • Components attachedtothe motherboard http://www.techautos.com/2010/03/14/smartphone-processor-guide/

  17. Motherboard Technical view CPU http://xkcd.com/730/

  18. E. IS Hardware: CPU Components • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) • Performs arithmetic & comparison operations • Registers • High speed storage areas Control unit Receives input signals and serves as “traffic cop” (tells computer what to do) CPU{ Primary storage Image source: Rainer,et al, Introduction to IS, 2009 Instructions and data go in Results come out

  19. E. IS Hardware: Processing (cont.) 3. Moore’s Law • Gordon Moore: Intel co-founder • Prediction: Computer processor capacity per integrated circuit  Double ~ every two years • Prediction made in 1965 • Expected the trend to last till 1975 • Trend has continued for muchlonger than Moore expected

  20. Moore’s Law: Number of transistors per integrated circuit [Source: Intel Corporation] Tukwila Image Source: Intel: http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm

  21. Data Storage • Where is data kept?

  22. F. Primary Storage Place where information needed for current and most frequent processing is stored. May include • Operating system instructions • Program instructions • Data to be processed • RAM • Dell PC Component List • Random Access Memory • Information can be accessed directly • Chips • “Volatile” • Example range for common micros: 2-6 GB (Can go higher) Installing memory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiFIgSQOY7g

  23. F. Primary Storage (cont.) 2. “Cache” memory • A special type of memory • Very fast, expensive, close to CPU • Stores info used most frequently by CPU • Not many bytes • Example range for common micros: 2-8 MB 3. “Built-in” ROM • Read Only Memory • “NonVolatile” • Example: Used to “boot” the computer at start-up • Stores instructions to tell computer what to do • Initiates process of loading Operating System into RAM

  24. G. Secondary Storage • Place to store large amounts of information for an extended period of time • Features • “Nonvolatile” • Takes longer to retrieve • Cost effective

  25. G. Secondary Storage • Example • Flash memory* • A cousin of ROM (non-volatile, no moving parts) • USB 16 GB  ~ $30 • Hard drive (magnetic disk)Example range for common micros: 500-750 GB)  ~ $50 1000 GB  ~$55-$80 • CD/DVD (optical disk) *Prediction: Flash memory will replace hard drives in laptops within 5 years. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6wTZhsffEE&NR=1&feature=fvwp Cue at 1:05 and 2:10.

  26. Ranking Storage Devices Cache Ram Rom Flash Hard drive DVDs Fast …………………Slow Expensive …………Cheap Non-volatile

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