HUMAN ELEMENT MANAGAMENT

1. HUMAN ELEMENT MANAGAMENT Doc. dr. sc. Pero Vidan Faculty of Maritime Studies Split E-mail: pvidan@pfst.hr Gdynia, 13 May 2014

2. Ecuadorean-registered ship Jessica, spilled 175,000 gallons of diesel and bunker oil into the sea off the Galapagos Islands At 10 a.m., March 17, 1978, the super-tanker Amoco Cadiz broke in two, releasing its entire cargo of 1.6 million barrels (250,000 m3)

5. Management errors Outside control of crew: Lack of skills: Crew management errors: 33%, 19% 10% 57 %, 71% (Source: NTSB, DNV) • Preoccupation with minor (technical) problems • Failure to delegate tasks and responsibilities • Failure to set priorities • Inadequate monitoring • Failure to utilize available data • Failure to communicate intent and plans • Failure to detect and challenge deviations from SOP’s, rules and safe actions

7. The balance Safety is often a trade-off between optimising Production or Safety P Adapted from Reason S An orgnisation must know where it stands in order to make informed decisions

8. Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model Holes caused by actions Holes caused by ”latent problems-pathogens”

9. Human weaknesses Consequences: • Decision errors • Restricted attention • Distorted time-perception • Weakened short-term memory • Frequent change of problem solving strategies Stress factors: • Danger • Hostile environment (temperature, motions, etc.) • Time pressure • Workload • Distractions • Performance pressure • Social interaction

10. Human weaknesses Fatigue: • Inadequate rest • Disturbance of biological rhythm • Heavy cognitive work • Physical work Consequences: • Slower reactions • Less capable of creative problem solving • Difficulties to remember data • Denial of negative messages

11. Human weaknesses Hazardous attitude: • ”I know best” • ”I am not good enough” Consequences: • Captain failing to listen to First Officer • Third Eng. failing to provide critical info

12. Culture Culture is …“The way we do things around here and why we do them.” Carroll & Quijada (2004). http://www.safetycenter.navy.mil/photo/archive/

13. Personality Behavior Skills (SOP’s, etc.) Social environment: • Family • Schools • National culture • Professional culture • Organizational culture • Safety culture CRM/MCRM training Attitudes Knowledge, experiences Values

14. NASA - Good Teams • Good situational awareness - anticipated next condition • Cognitive resources free - secured time to think • Relevant information early - during time of low workload • Built a shared mental model - a common understanding • Conservative strategies - kept options open • Decisions were sensitive to constraints. Resources & Environment • Explicit task allocation - clear action commands and delegation • Monitored progress. Verbalised stratagies Dr. Judith Orasano

15. Some solutions from CRM Focus on willingness to : Manage Trade-offs Follow Rules & procedures Avoid violations Inter-personal relations & communication Team work Understand human error and manage it !

16. Human impact limits Can be divided into two groups: • Physical • Mental • Physical: • Sleep disorder • Fatigue • Motivation • Seasickness • Speed and walking • Drugs and alcohol • Hunger and thirst • Physical discomfort and pain • Disease and infection

17. Mental • Current and situational stress • Change in time perception • Perception impossibility • Concern and anger • Loss of memory • Motivation

18. Who dunit? Truthaboutintuition

19. Seasickness can be dangerous for seamen because it causes attention deficit. • Prevention: walking restriction, nicotin, alcohol, caffeine and salt avoidance. Do not talk to the person who has seasickness.

20. What is Stress? “Stress is basically a physical and psychological mechanism that starts working when we are exposed to strain of any kind - physical, psychological or social to make it possible for us to cope with whatever caused the strain - it prepares the organism to cope with the new situation…..”

21. Two Different Kinds of Stress • Good Stress • Bad Stress

22. Stress Sources • Your own personality • Your family • Your working surroundings • The actual situation

23. Environmental Stress On a ship environmental stress includes: • Excessive noise • Heat • Vibration • Low humidity

24. Personal Stress • Cognitive disability • Poor leadership • High workload • Physical disabilities • Clumsiness • Disorientation • Anxiety

25. Conditions Influencing on Stress Level • Tiredness • Time zone change • Time of the day • Temperature • Uncomfortable environment

26. Conditions Influencing on Stress Level • Physical and mental fitness • Experience • Training received • Crew composition training received Degree of influence depends on:

27. Amount of stress Coping? Increased Stress No Yes Solution “Panic” amygdala hijack Increased stress tolerance Long term effects Stress Management Model Personality: Traits Attitudes Needs Experience Assessment Environment: Situational factors Workload Cockpit environment etc...

28. 1. Experienced/skilled 2. Low experience / skill Performance Performance low high low high Activation Activation Stress Management How does stress influence human performance?

29. Alarm reaction Resistance / adaption Exhaustion 1 2 3 Psychological Stress Curve Brain Activity level Time

30. Alarm reaction Resistance / adaption IQ DUMP 1 2 3 Psychological Stress Curve Brain activity level Time

31. Summary Stress is the product of a whole lifestyle. It is not just the product of an occasional crisis! BUT a crisis can accelerate the effects! Leading to IQ dump Consequently each person must learn to monitor personal internal stress-levels (and symptoms) and find ways to relieve such conditions!

32. Stress symptoms • Insomnia • Interrupted sleep • Nightmares • Excessive sleeping • Lack of energy • Fatigue • Hyperactivity • Mood changes • Worry • Depression • Stress reduces the effect of work and prevents judgement

33. Exhaustion, fatigue, sleepiness Them affects: • Physical rhythm • Human clock allows vigilancethrough the day and good sleep or lack of attention at night • Problems on board • Adaptation to night work or early morning job • Day and night changing during shifts • Biological rhythm of most people is updated 1-2 hours per day • The human body is the most sensitive to light around 5:00 a.m • Shifts in the clockwise direction: Morning ⇒ Afternoon • It is easier to get used to the night shift than mixed ones

34. Cost of accidents • Medical care • Loss of productivity • Loss of material • Administration cost • Costs of social help and of life quality improving

35. Sweden categorized the risk of life on: • Decks: • Embroidery • Hatches handling • Working at height • Machine: • Tools handling in a limited place • Handling with big machines and tools • Carrying scales and ladders • Hotel: bif • Slippery floor • hot or sharp objects due to the rolling of the shipOpći problemi: • Ladders • Slippery or uneven deck floor

36. Danish research shows that 50% of injuries are related to work on the deck • Other critical activities are walking and working in the engine room • Suggestions for improvements: • Terms of walking on the deck, scales, climbing a ladder • Gangway and access to the ship-shore • Assessment of safety equipment for embroidery • Lashing • Access Safety • Wheelhouse: enough handles and avoidance of sharp edges

37. Causes and effects of fatigue on board • Fatigue is one of the most dangerous phenomena on board. • It is cause of the false judgments, management and operations. • Fatigue often occurs due to improper organization of work on the ship, but ship's specific environment as well, etc.

38. Fatigue is considered undesirable physical and mental state of crew members. It is a frequent cause of human errors that results in distress (Figures 1 and 2) as it reduces the ability of perception and thinking.

39. The most common causes of collisions Izvor: http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/marine/articles/106516.aspx?image=151636

40. The most commoncausesofstranding

41. The growth of technology standards of construction and equipment of ships and maritime competitiveness of the market has led to the emergence of saving the human workforce and reducing costs at the expense of the crew. Reducing these costs included the emergence of hiring cheaper crews from the east. These crews are often less educated.

42. Figure 3. Structure of crew of world’s fleet by nationality

43. Another phenomenon that follows global maritime industry is to reduce the number of crew to "minimum safety" given by the legislature of the state of the vessel (Minimum Manning Document).

44. 2. Causes of fatigue • Fatigue is a phenomenon that accompanies human activity, reduces operating efficiency and adversely affects the attitude towards work. If one looks through the production, fatigue is defined by reducing the performance over time. • Crews often do more contracts for small amounts of money. Time longer contracts of seamen mean increased fatigue arising from such relationships and lifestyle.

45. Studies have shown that the speed of doing business increases with shorter working day. During a long day of work worker fights fatigue actively by frequent and longer breaks and a slower pace of work. Lengthening of working time significantly increases the negative effects of fatigue.

46. Figure 4. Average of daily working and overtime hours according to the workplace

47. Figure 5. Dependence on night’s sleep and composure Full awareness Levelofawareness Medium awareness Low awareness Total sleepiness Time of sleep previous night

48. Full awareness • Figure 6. Dependence on night’s sleep and composure Medium awareness Level of awareness Low awareness Total sleepiness Consecutive days of reduce sleeping Izvor: http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2010/12/fatigue-on-chemical-tankers-capt-ajit.htm

49. The ILO and the ITF do not allow exceeding the scheduled number of hours of overtime because of the level of safety. Therefore shipper and administration regulate by the contract of seaman the by collective agreement for seafarersnumber of overtime hours. The overtime hours include hours outside of working hours, which include: • maneuver of the ship • periodic maintenance and repair of the ship • stay in the port • enhanced marine guard because of the conditions (low visibility, bad weather, etc.) • unadjusted schedule of stays in port and navigation • time zone changes • other hours outside of working hours.

50. Researchhaveshownthatexceptinsomniaotherfactorsaffectthefatigue;Researchhaveshownthatexceptinsomniaotherfactorsaffectthefatigue; • light • noise • vibrations • ventilation • temperature and • shipmovement.