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Human Element in Maritime Safety

Human Element in Maritime Safety. Capt. Basza Alexzandar Haji Basri Marine Officer Marine Department of Brunei. Human Element. Complex multi-dimensional issue Involves the entire spectrum of human related activities

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Human Element in Maritime Safety

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  1. Human Element in Maritime Safety Capt. Basza Alexzandar Haji Basri Marine Officer Marine Department of Brunei

  2. Human Element • Complex multi-dimensional issue • Involves the entire spectrum of human related activities Seafarers, Shipping Companies, Maritime Administrations, Recognized organization, shipyards, naval architects and others

  3. Human Element • Studies by NTSB Canada, Cormier, UK P&I Club and Bryant • 84-88% of tanker accidents • 79% of towing vessel groundings • 89-96% of collisions • 75% of allisions – ship/structure accidents • 75% of fires and explosions

  4. Human Element • Dutch study • 100 accidents • causes per accident ranged from 7 to 58 • human error was found to contribute to 96 of the 100 accidents • in 93 of the accidents, multiple human errors were made

  5. Human Element 20 % Technical failure 80 % Human error

  6. Human Element

  7. Human Element • People • Knowledge • Skills • Abilities • Memory • Motivation • Alertness

  8. Human Element • Technology • Anthropometry (body shape and size) • Equipment layout • Information display • Maintenance • Reach, strength, agility • Decision-making • Safety & performance

  9. Human Element • Environment • Temperature, noise • Sea state, vibration • Regulations • Economics • Physical and mental performance • Fatigue • Risk-taking

  10. Human Element • Organization • Fatigue • Knowledge & skills • Work practices • Teamwork • Risk-taking • Work schedules • Crew complement • Training • Communication • Safety culture

  11. Human Error • Skill-based • Rule-based • Knowledge-based Rasmussen (1986)

  12. Human Error Type GEMS framework (Reason 1990)

  13. Skill based • Inattention • Omissions following interruption • Over attention • Repetitions

  14. Rule based • Misapplication of a ”good rule” • Application of a ”bad rule”

  15. Knowledge based • Problems with complexity • Problems with causality • Overconfidence • Confirmation bias

  16. Examples of Human Error • Skill based (without intention) • Navigation (Position fixing) • Rule based (with intention) • Manoeuvring, Usage of life boats • Knowledge based (with intention) • Underestimate of sea state • Violation • Leaving the port without permission

  17. Measures • Different failure types require different measures Skill-based Mostly ergonomics Rule-based Training, Procedures, Checklists Knowledge-based Training, Safety Management System Violation Depending on the cause

  18. IMO Measures • ISM Code, 1994 • Revised STCW 1995

  19. Challenges • Fatigue • Inadequate Communication • Inadequate General Technical knowledge • Inadequate knowledge of own ship systems • Poor design of automation

  20. Challenges • Decision Based on Inadequate Information • Faulty standards, policies, or practices • Poor Maintenance • Hazardous natural environment

  21. Conclusions • HE plays a large part in maritime industry • Safety, security, environmental protection and the sustainability of shipping industry dependent on the cultivation of a capable and effective manpower resource

  22. Conclusions • To improve maritime safety requires commitment, dedication, knowledge and skill of a whole range of people in maritime industry

  23. Thank You

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