Chapter 15: Foreign Policy

2. Chapter 15: Foreign Policy

3. What Is Foreign Policy? • Foreign policy is the term we give to government actions involving countries, groups, and corporations that are outside of the United States. • Military • Economic • Human rights • Environmental • Foreign assistance

4. What Is Foreign Policy?

5. What Is Foreign Policy?

6. History of American Foreign Policy • The Founding to World War I • Until World War I, U.S. foreign policy was essentially isolationist in nature. • Washington’s admonition to avoid “entangling alliances” • Monroe Doctrine states that the United States would be neutral in wars involving European nations and that Americans expected Europe to stop attempting to colonize North and South America.

7. History of American Foreign Policy (cont’d) • The rise of internationalism • The United States declared war on Japan December 8, 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. • The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union led the Allied powers in the fight against Germany and Japan during World War II. • Realist arguments justified the policy, though idealists found reason to support the effort as well.

8. History of American Foreign Policy • The United Nations was created in 1945 as well; the United States was central in the creation of the UN. • Containment was used to justify America’s involvement in the Korean War. • Nuclear buildup occurred between the United States and the Soviet Union as each side began stockpiling nuclear weapons. • Cuban missile crisis • Vietnam War

9. History of American Foreign Policy

10. History of American Foreign Policy • Change begins with Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of glasnost and perestroika. • In 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved into 15 different countries, essentially ending the Cold War.

11. History of American Foreign Policy

12. Foreign Policy Makers • The president and the executive branch • The dominant actor in American foreign policy is the president. • Commander in chief of the armed forces • Treaties • Executive agreements • Executive orders • Appointing people to agencies and departments • Marshals public opinion

13. Foreign Policy Makers • The president and the executive branch (cont’d) • National Security Council focuses on providing foreign policy options to the president. • State Department • The principal foreign policy department • The secretary of state is the president’s official spokesperson in foreign affairs and is a crucially important adviser to the president.

14. Foreign Policy Makers • Civilian control of military • Defense Department • Homeland Security Department • Combined the Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration, Border Patrol, and many other agencies to prevent future terrorist attacks and to coordinate the gathering of intelligence • Intelligence agencies • National Security Agency and Central Intelligence Agency are responsible for gathering intelligence.

15. Foreign Policy Makers • Congress • The House Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee are two standing congressional committees dealing with foreign policy. • Write legislation • Set the annual budget • Hold hearings where foreign policy experts (within and outside of government) are questioned

16. Foreign Policy Makers • The federal courts • The Supreme Court weighs in on foreign policy via judicial review. • Forced the George W. Bush administration to change its policies regarding the holding of terror suspects, and required the suspects to be charged with crimes and given trials

17. Foreign Policy Makers

18. The Tools of Foreign Policy

19. U.S. Imports And Exports As A Percentage Of GrossDomestic Product (Gdp)

20. The Tools of Foreign Policy • Diplomacy • Diplomacy is the process of using negotiations with foreign leaders and their emissaries to work out international agreements. • Shuttle diplomacy occurs when the United States acts as a mediator, meeting separately with two nations that refuse to meet with each other.

21. The Tools of Foreign Policy

22. The Tools of Foreign Policy • Alliances and treaties • Treaties are agreements between nations in which the nations pledge to work together on issues such as security or economic development. • An alliance is a particular type of agreement that commits nations to specific security guarantees. • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

23. WAR POWERS: WHO CONTROLS THE ARMED FORCES? As commander in chief, has the power to deploy troops. THE PRESIDENT Under the War Powers Resolution, has to notify Congress, and the use of force must be terminated within 60 days if Congress does not approve. However, Congress has never voted to terminate military action, and most presidents have argued that the act is unconstitutional. ARMED FORCES

24. WAR POWERS: WHO CONTROLS THE ARMED FORCES? Has the power to declare war (but has not used this power since World War II). ARMED FORCES CONGRESS Has the power of the purse: can provide or withhold funding for military action.

25. WAR POWERS: WHO CONTROLS THE ARMED FORCES?: POP QUIZ! 1. The Constitution gives _______ the power to declare war. a. the president b. Congress c. the Pentagon d. the State Department e. the ambassador to the target country

26. WAR POWERS: WHO CONTROLS THE ARMED FORCES?: POP QUIZ! 1. The Constitution gives _______ the power to declare war. a. the president b. Congress c. the Pentagon d. the State Department e. the ambassador to the target country

27. WAR POWERS: WHO CONTROLS THE ARMED FORCES?: POP QUIZ! 2. However, in the past century, almost all military action has been initiated by a. the president b. Congress c. the Pentagon d. the State Department e. the ambassador to the target country

28. WAR POWERS: WHO CONTROLS THE ARMED FORCES?: POP QUIZ! 2. However, in the past century, almost all military action has been initiated by a. the president b. Congress c. the Pentagon d. the State Department e. the ambassador to the target country

29. Public Opinion Poll Which of the following foreign policy strategies do you believe should dominate the decision-making process of the United States? • Deterrence: the development and maintenance of military strength as a means of discouraging attack • A policy of preemptive action by striking first when a nation fears that a foreign foe is contemplating hostile action • Appeasement efforts to forestall war by giving in to some of the demands of a hostile power

30. Public Opinion Poll Should the United States trade with countries that are clearly guilty of human rights abuses against their citizens? • Yes • No

31. Public Opinion Poll Do you think American popular culture contributes to positive or negative opinions of America abroad? • Positive opinions • Negative opinions • No impact

32. Public Opinion Poll Should the American military be allowed to torture prisoners of war if they are known to have information that threatens the security of our country? • Yes • No

33. Chapter 15: Foreign Policy • Practice quizzes • Flashcards • Outlines wwnorton.com/studyspace

34. Following this slide, you will find additional slides with photos, figures, and captions from the textbook.

35. Foreign Policy

36. Foreign Policy

37. Foreign Policy

38. Foreign Policy