HSTE II LEOCT STUDY GUIDE KEY CONTINUED

1. HSTE II LEOCT STUDY GUIDE KEY CONTINUED

2. HS-ATS-4 Safety Practices & Infection Control • CDC – Center for Disease Control and Prevention • Atlanta, GA • Keeps the USA informed of all communicable diseases, disorders, and issues through research, data collection, and ongoing monitoring • Works closely with WHO – World Health Organization • All HCW must report communicable diseases

3. HS-ATS-4 Safety Practices & Infection Control • OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration • Governs all safety and health practices in the entire workforce in the USA • Fines companies who are not up to standards • Fines companies who have accidents caused by poor safety standards • Protects Employees in the Workplace

4. HS-ATS-4 Safety Practices & Infection Control • FDA - Federal Drug Administration • Governs and oversees all manufacturing, placement, and removable of drugs on the market for any purpose in the USA Healthcare System • A HCW must be aware of these drugs and their side effects

5. HS-ATS-4 Safety &Infection Control • CLIA – Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment • Governs all Clinical Laboratories in the Healthcare settings • Protects Employees and pt/clients

6. HS-ATS-4 Safety & Infection Control • Department of Technical and Adult Education (DTAE) • Governs all CTAE Classes such as this one Healthcare Science in the school systems • Keeps updating and improving education in an attempt to stay ahead of the improvements and advances in technology worldwide

7. HS-ATS-4 Surgical vs Medical Asepsis • What does asepsis mean? • Absence of disease-producing microorganisms, or pathogens • Any area or object that contains pathogens is considered: • Contaminated • Aseptic Techniques directed toward maintaining cleanliness and eliminating or preventing contamination • Common Aseptic Techniques Include: • Handwashing • Good personal Hygiene • Use of disposable gloves • Proper cleaning of instruments and equipment • Thorough cleaning of the environment

8. Asepsis Continued • Various Levels of Aseptic Control are Possible: • Antisepsis – Prevent or Inhibit growth of pathogenic organisms but are not effective on spores or viruses • EX. Alcohol and Betadine • Disinfection – Process that destroys or kills pathogenic organisms, not always effective on spores or viruses • Chemical Disinfectants Used • Mostly on objects since irritate or damage skin • Ex. Bleach Solutions and Zephirin • Sterilization –Destroys all Microorganisms, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic, including spores and viruses • Types – Steam under pressure, Gas, Radiation, and Chemicals • Autoclave – Most common piece of equipment for sterilization

9. HS-ATS-4 Safety & Infection Control • When observing airborne precautions it is important to always wear which PPE? • HEPPA Mask • 10. When handling dirty linens list 5 things to remember to protect you from contamination? • A. Wash hands before and after handling dirty linens • B. Keep away from your body and clothing • C. Wear gloves • D. Fold dirty linens in toward the dirty side • E. Place in the proper receptacle for dirty linens

10. HS-ATS-5 Client Interaction • Always use accurate and grammatically correct oral and written communication in the medical field and when using medical terminology. • How does client interaction and communication help collect data for the pt/client’s History and Physical (H & P)? • Compassion and open ended questions help to make the pt/client more comfortable and able to answer appropriately and accurately

11. HS-ATS-5 Client Interaction • 1. Evaluate and adapt communication to client’s level of comprehension. • If speak a different language may need an interpreter • A. Maintain an empathetic attitude – Understanding of their circumstances because you are a trained, knowledgeable professional • Use your listening skills- eye contact, repeat what they say to make sure you understood, limit interuptions • Apply specific techniques for persons with special needs – hard of hearing (interpreter), impaired vision – large print etc.

12. HS-ATS-5 Client Interaction • 2. Multiple Methods for Presentation of Information • A. Client Teaching – to assure understanding have them demonstrate and ask them questions • B. Orientation techniques – all pts need to know how the call light works, when meals are etc. • C. Effective Oral Presentations – speak clearly and concisely and make sure the team says the same things

13. HS-ATS-5 Client Interaction • 3. When would reality orientation (RO) be used in a health care setting? • Usually in a LTC Facility with an elderly client who is suffering from dementia or Alzheimer's Disease • They may think you are their daughter or even mother and you gently let them know who you are to focus them back on reality • 4. When doing pt/client teaching it is important to check for understanding, what are two ways of doing this? • A. Ask them questions • B. Have them demonstrate back what you taught

14. HS-ATS-6: Technology Application • Analyze appropriate information technology tools and their regulatory guidelines for collecting data and maintaining client health care records. (HIPAA) • 1. What are the main points of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)? • Ensure confidentiality of pt/client records in a healthcare setting • Protects and governs what can be shared with others – such insurance companies • 2. What impact does HIPAA have on a HCW? • Need to be aware of the laws governing confidentiality and what information can be shared and to whom • 3. How do you evaluate HIPAA’s impact on information technology applications? • Make sure read and follow guidelines • Use codes and passwords as needed

15. HS-ATS-7 Treatment Plans-Problem Solving- Critical Thinking • What is the purpose of a tx plan? • To assure the entire team working with a pt/client is up-to-date on latest care, orders, problems, and dx present • Maintain continuity of care as well “Holistic Care” • How is a tx plan developed? • 1. H & P are taken • 2. Problems Identified and Diagnosed through H&P and tests if needed • Treatment for dx is agreed upon by the HC team • Then implemented • What parts make-up a tx plan? • H&P • DX • Drs. And Nurses Notes • Care flow sheets – VS, I & O, Lab, Meds, TX

16. HS-ATS-7 Treatment Plans • What is the importance of each part in identifying the client’s health care needs, strengths, and problems? • Each part is filled out or taken by a different healthcare team member so each may pick up on a different need or problem • Drs. dx and orders differ than nurse’s dx and orders but both are equally important and interdependent on the other • PT, RT, or OT may have discovered other problems not noted by the dr or nurse.

17. HS-ATS-7: Treatment Plans • How are results reported and changes made? • Written (pt/client records) and oral Communication • Shift change Rounds or Report – based on the pt/clients condition or changes in condition from last report or shift • Treatment plans can be changed at anytime based on changes in the pt/client’s condition • All team members need to be informed of the changes and kept up-to-date (Records) • T or F: When working on treatment plans for a pt/client all members of the healthcare team should be present. Ans. T

18. HS-ATS-8 Applied Anatomy, Physiology, and Fundamental Pathophysiology of the Body’s Systems • Review your Textbook: Body Structures & Functions Chapters 1-18, 20 &21 • Review your drawings of anatomical structure of the systems • How do the systems work together? • Although we separate them to study them, none of them are interdependent of one another and all function together to maintain homeostasis

19. HS-ATS-8 Applied Anatomy, Physiology, and Fundamental Pathophysiology of the Body’s Systems • How do the integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems all work together to provide protection, support, and movement for the body? • Integumentary (Skin), Skeletal, Muscle • Intact and Healthy skin 1st line of defense against infection and disease • Skeletal – Our sturdy frame and provides shape to the body, produces blood cells to carry O2 and fight infection • Muscles – Produce heat and maintain posture, and allow for movement

20. HS-ATS-8 Applied Anatomy, Physiology, and Fundamental Pathophysiology of the Body’s Systems • How do the endocrine and nervous system integrate and coordinate body functions to regulate physiological activities? • The endocrine system and the nervous system are the two main communication systems in the body. • They use chemical messengers (Endocrine) and nerve impulses (Nervous) to all structures in the body • Therefore maintaining homeostasis

21. HS-ATS-8 Applied Anatomy, Physiology, and Fundamental Pathophysiology of the Body’s Systems • Since all systems are interdependent, how does that relate to maintaining wellness, fighting disease or overcoming disorders? • It means we must treat the body as a whole entity as encompassed in the word “Holistic” Care. • Fighting disease and disorders are affected by a persons attitude, optimism, and perception of what is happening to them • What are the goals of different types of therapy and rehabilitative care? • To restore, maintain, or adapt a person to living within their disease or disorder at the highest possible level of functioning they are realistically capable of

22. HS-ATS-8 Applied Anatomy, Physiology, and Fundamental Pathophysiology of the Body’s Systems • List at least 2 diseases of each system, what causes them, how to prevent them, and current successful tx for each one. • Integumentary (skin) • Acne Vulgaris • Plugged Sebaceous gland • Clean face regular • Antibiotics, diet, Acutane, proper cleansing techniques, Dermatologist • Athlete’s Foot • Contagious fungal infection • Clean and dry feet properly, wear water shoes at gyms, sports, etc • Antifungal cream/Powder OTC

23. HS-ATS-8 Skeletal System • Fx – different types check book • Avoid falls, safety equipment in sports • Tx – Closed/ Open reduction or traction • Arthritis – Rheumatoid and Osteoarthritis • Rheumatoid – chronic, autoimmune disease • Affects women more than men • Early in life onset • Dibilitating • Tx – exercise, pain meds, steroids • Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disorder • Occurs with aging • Pain meds • Exercise

24. HS-ATS-8: Muscular System • Strain – overstretching of a muscle • Lifting too much weight • Lifting improperly • Excessive use of muscles • Tx: RICE • Less serious than a sprain • Fibromyalgia – chronic muscle pain (collection of sx called a syndrome) • Tx: pain relief, extra rest, exercise, massage therapy, chiropractic procedures, stretching, meds

25. HS-ATS-8 Central Nervous System (CNS) • Meningitis – Inflammation of the linings of the brain and spinal cord • Cause: bacterial or viral • Sx: stiff neck, fever, HA • Tx: Bacterial with antibiotics, Viral self-limiting palliative care • Multiple Scleosis (MS) – Chronic Inflammatory Disease of the CNS • Immune cells attack the myelin sheath of nerve axons – destroying them • Cause: unknown • DX: no definitive test, made on sx presented • Tx: Drugs (interferon, avenox), rest, exercise, minimal stress

26. HS-ATS-8: Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems • Neuritis – inflammation of a nerve • Sx: sever pain, hypersensitivity, loss of sensation, weakness, paresthesia (tingling, burning, and crawling of skin) • Causes: infectious, chemical, chronic alcoholism • Tx: Determine cause, relieve pain with analgesics (painkillers) • Sciatica – form of neuritis affecting the sciatic nerve • Cause: rupture lumbar disc, arthritic condition • Sx: pain radiating through the buttocks, behind knee, to foot • Tx: traction, physiotherapy, exercises, possible surgery

27. HS-ATS-8: Special Senses (Eyes) • Glaucoma – excessive intraocular pressure • Can destroy retina and atrophy optic nerve • Cause: overproduction of aqueous humor • Sx: gradual, mild aching, loss of peripheral vision, halo around the light • Tx: Miotic drugs, reduce aqueous humor, laser surgery • Strabismus – Cross Eyes • Cause- muscles do not coordinate action • Tx: Exercises or surgery • Usually seen in children

28. HS-ATS-8: Special Senses (Ears) • Otitis Media – Middle ear infection • Sx: earache, complication of common cold in children • Tx: Antibiotics, myringotomy (if chronic and severe) opening in tympanic membrane to release fluid build-up • Tinnitus – affects 40 to 50 million Americans • Sx: Ringing in the ears or noises • Causes: Impacted wax, damage to cells, otitis media, otosclerosis, blockage of normal blood supply to cochlea, effects of some drugs ( aspirin) • Tx: treat underlying cause first, avoid the irritants, hearing aids

29. HS-ATS-8: Special Senses (Nose/Tongue) • Rhinitis – inflammation of the lining of the nose • Causes: allergies, infection, fumes, odors, drugs • Sx: nasal congestion, nasal drainage, sneezing, itching • Tx: eliminating allergens, Antihistmines (short-term) • CA of the tongue – • SX: unexplained red, white areas, sores, lumps on tongue, most often on sides or floor of mouth • Causes: smoking, drugs • Immediate attention by a dr. is needed • Tx: surgery, possible chemo and radiation

30. HS-ATS-8: Endocrine System • Acromegaly- Overproduction of HCG as an adult • SX – extremities and head become large and grotesque • Tx – surgery, drugs • Gigantism – overproduction of HCG when in adolescence and growing • Sx – tall, giant • Tx – surgery, meds.

31. Circulatory System • CAD – Coronary Artery Disease • Sx- angina pectoris, (heart pain) • Causes – clogged coronary arteries • Tx – diet, ex., angioplasty, meds, stents • Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) • Sx – crushing chest pain, SOB, sweating, panic • Causes – death of heart muscle tissue • Tx – 911, CPR if needed or Heart stops, meds., CABG surgery

32. Lymphatic System • Adenitis – inflammation of the lymph nodes • Causes – infections, illness, disease • Sx – fever, swollen, painful nodes • Tx - antibiotics, warm, moist compresses • Splenomegaly – Enlarged Spleen • Causes – abnormal accumulation of RBC • Sx – swelling and abdominal pain • Tx – splenectomy if needed

33. Respiratory System • COPD – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • End stage lung disease caused by • Smoking, Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, chronic asthma, tuberculosis • Sx – dyspnea, SOB, pain, chronic cough, rapid respirations • Tx – O2, Bronchodilators, RT, avoid smoking • Pneumonia – Inflammation or Infection of the lungs • Sx – exudate build-up, dyspnea, fatigue, cough, fever, chest pain • Causes – Bacteria's, viruses • Tx- bedrest, antibiotics, RT, fluids, pain med.

34. Digestive System • Hernia – or rupture • Occurs when internal organ pushes through a weakened area or opening • Hiatal Hernia – stomach protrudes through the diaphragm • SX – heart burn, stomach distention, chest pain, dysphagia • Tx – bland diet, small frequent meals, surgical repair • Ulcerative Colitis – severe inflammation of the colon • Causes – stress, food allergies, autoimmune • SX – diarrhea, pus, blood, and mucous • Tx- Control inflammation, reduce stress, diet

35. Urinary System • Cystitis – inflammation/infection of the bladder • Causes – pathogens • Sx – more common in females urethra shorter • Frequent urination • Burning,dysuria • Tx- Antibiotics, increase fluids • Renal Calculus – Kidney Stone • Causes – salt solids form calculi • Sx – Sudden intense pain, hematuria (blood in urine), urinary retention • Tx – increase fluids, pain med, filter urine, lithotripsy to crush or break up

36. Reproductive System Female • Breast CA • Causes – hereditary component • Sx – lump/mass in breast, discharge from nipple • Tx – lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemo/radiation • Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – group of sx • Causes – stress, poor nutrition, hormonal imbalance, • Sx – nervousness, irritability, depression, HA, edema, constipation • Tx – relieve sx, diet, ex, stress reduction, meds

37. Reproductive System Males • Prostrate/Testicular CA • Causes – hereditary, aging • Sx – dysuria, enlarged prostrate, pain • Tx – surgical removal, chemo/radiation • Epididymitis – inflammation of the epididymis • Causes – pathogens • Sx – Fever, swelling, pain in testes • Tx – antibiotics, cold applications, scrotal support, pain med

38. Two Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Aids/HIV • Sx – virus attacks the pt/clients immune system leaving them unable to fight off normal diseases • Tx – no cure for AIDS at present time • Some drugs slow process • Causes – transmitted through sexual secretions or blood • Gonorrhea – caused by the gonococcus bacterium • Sx – greenish/yellow discharge, burning when urinating, sore throat, swollen glands • Tx – penicillin in lg doses

39. What is an organelle? • Cell structures • What is the most important organelle in the cell? • Nucleus • What are the 2 main cavities of the body? • Ventral/Anterior • Dorsal /Posterior • What is contained in the ventral cavity? • Thoracic cavity • Abdominal cavity • What is contained in the dorsal cavity? • Cranial Cavity • Spinal Cavity

40. HS-ATS-9 Monitoring & Evaluating Client/pt Status • What is the process for basic assessment of a pt? • Talking with and Interviewing client/pt in a warm environment • What is measured? • H&P • VS • Ht & Wt • How is a pt/client monitored? • VS • Physical Assessment • I & O • How do you report/record the pt/clients health status? • On Nurse’s notes • Dr. Notes • Flow sheets • VS flow sheets

41. HS-ATS-9 Monitoring • How do you always begin and end any procedure or pt/client contact? • Introduce self • Check ID pt/client • Leave in safe position with call light and belongings in place • Bed in low position • What factor’s affect a pt/client’s T,P,R, BP, Ht, and Wt? • Illness, disease, diet, stress, abuse, CA, injury • When is it necessary to take an apical pulse? • Dr. orders • If too fast/irregular to count at the radial pulse site • Infant/small child • Where do you take an apical pulse? • At the apex of the heart