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MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS

MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS. NIETZSCHE (1844-1900): Very influential when it comes to Freud and Jung. Main points: “He who humbles himself shall be exalted” Nietzsche- He that humbles himself wishes to be exalted.

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MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS

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  1. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS

  2. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • NIETZSCHE (1844-1900): Very influential when it comes to Freud and Jung. • Main points: “He who humbles himself shall be exalted” Nietzsche- He that humbles himself wishes to be exalted. Concept of mental energy and system of drives. “Everyone is the farthest from himself” Unconscious as confused thoughts, emotions, and instincts. Dreams are reenactments/fragments of the personal and collective past-primitive. Resentments=rancor, spite, envy, grudge, jealousy, hatred. Become unconscious and manifest in false morality.

  3. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • Guilt is the result of primitive instincts turned inwards and the beginning of moral conscience. Our conscience consists of what was demanded of us in childhood often without explanation from adults we feared and respected. Faith in authority is the source of conscience that does not come from God but from several men in man. Man feels emotions from his parents and ancestors which he believes to be his own. “In the son becomes a conviction what in the father was still a lie”

  4. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS “Every person carries within them a picture of a woman/man which he acquired from his mother/father. From this picture, he will be determined to respect or despise women/men or be indifferent toward them” Freud, Adler and Jung were all greatly influenced by Nietzsche. Freud didn’t want to read him because he felt he would be too influenced. Adler focused on Nietzsche’s “will to power” and Jung developed his theories of the problem with evil, man’s superior instincts, the unconscious, shadow, the persona, the dream, archetypes and the wise old man.

  5. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • FREUD: After hypnosis free association was the next big step in dynamic psychotherapy. • MAIN POINTS OF FREE ASSOCIATION: 1. RESISTANCE 2. REPRESSION 3. TRANSFERENCE 4. DREAMS 5. ANALYZING THE ABOVE

  6. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • FREUD: DREAM INTERPRETATION PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE SLIPS OF THE TONGUE/PARAPRAXES HYSTERIA JOKES

  7. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • JUNG AND THE UNCONSCIOUS: Séances Word association tests Complexes Writing down and drawing dreams Unconscious imagery “Is this really science what I am doing?” Female voice answers. “It is art!” Anima.

  8. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • JUNG CONT. Very influenced by the Gnostics-experience not faith based but knowledge. Believed the Gnostics as precursors of the psychology of the unconscious. 3 main points of the unconscious: 1. It has a autonomous course of development. 2. It is complementary to consciousness. 3. It is the seat of universal primordial images, the archetypes.

  9. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • JUNG’S STRUCTURE OF THE PSYCHE: 1. PERSONA 2. ANIMA/ANIMUS 3. SHADOW 4. EGO 5. SELF 6. ARCHETYPES 7. COMPLEXES 8. COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

  10. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • CURENT VIEWS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS • JUNG AND NEUROSCIENCE: Our brains resemble old museums that contain many of the archetypal markings of our evolutionary past. … Our brains are full of ancestral memories and processes that guide our actions and dreams but rarely emerge unadulterated by cortico-cultural influences during our everyday activities. (Panksepp, Affective Neuroscience, p. 75) • ‘The collective unconscious contains the whole spiritual heritage of mankind’s evolution, born anew in the brain structure of every individual.’ (CW 8, §342)

  11. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • Some in science view Freud’s theory of the Id as being more a poetic metaphor than actual understanding of the unconscious. • Cognitive science is the scientific discipline that studies conceptual systems. It is a relatively new discipline, having been founded in the 1970s. Yet in a short time it has made startling discoveries. It has discovered, first of all, that most of our thought is unconscious, not in the Freudian sense of being repressed, but in the sense that it operates beneath the level of cognitive awareness, inaccessible to consciousness and operating too quickly to be focused on.

  12. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • CURRENT VIEWS CONT.: Descartes argued for the that the natural world and the bodily world were ruled by different laws that the mind. Hence a spilt between the body and the mind. The theory of the unconscious was a way to bridge that gap. Treating the mind as the “ghost in the machine”.

  13. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • Damasio (1994), of the Department of Neurology at the University of Iowa, argues that dualism is an error. When considering neurobiology, ‘soul and spirit, with all their dignity and human scale, are now complex and unique states of an organism’ (p. 252). To varying degrees, most • researchers in cognitive science, neuroscience, and linguistics seem to agree—Damasio (1999), • LeDoux (2002), and Pinker (2002) to name a few—and a neurobiological reason is often emphasized. • However, Solms and Turnbull (2002) find that there are still some unanswered questions as to how the experience, such as a pain signal, ‘started as something physical but somehow ended up as something mental’ (p. 50).

  14. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • When discussing these TOP (Thematic Organization Packets) packets, Schank concludes that knowledge has many facets, only some of which are conscious. There is the rational knowledge of acts necessary for logical thinking and there is the emotional knowledge of being able to identify how we feel. But beyond these two, there is also to Schank (1999) subconscious knowledge of which we are usually unaware of and a physical knowledge that our body uses which is mostly unconscious.

  15. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • How the unconscious/neuroscience frame the psychotherapy experience: • 1. The establishment of a safe and trusting relationship. • 2. Gaining new information and experiences across the domains of cognition, emotion, sensation, and behavior. • 3. The simultaneous or alternating activation of neural networks that are • inadequately integrated or dissociated. • 4. Moderate levels of stress or emotional arousal alternating with periods of calm and safety. • 5. The integration of conceptual knowledge with emotional and bodily • experience through narratives that are co-constructed with the therapist. • 6. Developing a method of processing and organizing new experiences so as to continue ongoing growth and integration outside of therapy.

  16. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • Fischer and Pipp (1984) write • . . . the unconscious is a type of process—a way of constructing perception, memories and other kinds of cognition that changes systematically with development. It is not a portion of the mind.

  17. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • The spatial and mechanical metaphors so common in psychoanalytic language sometimes trick us into treating unconscious ideas as if they proved the existence of portions of the mind or the brain where the unconscious dwells. The findings of cognitive research do not justify such uses. The term ‘the unconscious’ only signifies something that was formed, even if it functions outsideour awareness, by a combination of genetic and environmental influences. If formed in early life, such learning may also be attributed to developmental • plasticity and the particular conditions which exist from 10 to 18 months of age (Schore 1994).

  18. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • According the John Bargh and EzequielMorsella of Yale University research has supported much of what early psychoanalysis put forth about the unconscious. • 1. Many recent studies have now shown that unconscious goal pursuit produces the same outcomes that conscious goal pursuit does. • 2. Given the late evolutionary arrival of conscious • modes of thought and behavior (e.g., Donald, 1991), it is likely that conscious goal pursuit exapted, or made use of, already existing unconscious motivational structures.

  19. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • 3. The idea that action precedes reflection is not new. Several • theorists have postulated that the conscious mind is not the • source or origin of our behavior; instead, they theorize that impulses to act are unconsciously activated and that the role of • consciousness is as gatekeeper and sense maker after the fact • (Gazzaniga, 1985; James, 1890; Libet, 1986; Wegner, 2002). In • this model, conscious processes kick in after a behavioral impulse has occurred in the brain—that is, the impulse is first • generated unconsciously, and then consciousness claims (and • experiences) it as its own. Yet, to date, there has been little said • about where, exactly, those impulses come from.

  20. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • 4. In the rest of the natural sciences, especially neurobiology, the • assumption of conscious primacy is not nearly as prevalent as in • psychology. Complex and intelligent design in living things is • not assumed to be driven by conscious processes on the part of • the plant or animal, but instead by blindly adaptive processes • that accrued through natural selection (Dennett, 1995). This is • not to say that human consciousness plays no role or that it is not • special in its powers to transform, manipulate, and convey information relative to the mental powers of other animals, but that this consciousness is not necessary to achieve the sophisticated, adaptive, and intelligent behavioral guidance demonstrated in the emerging priming literature.

  21. MAKING A CASE FOR THE UNCONSCIOUS • 5. Unconscious processes are • smart and adaptive throughout the living world, as Dawkins (1976) contended, and the psychological research evidence that • has emerged since the time of his writing has confirmed that this principle extends to humans as well. In nature, the ‘‘unconscious • mind’’ is the rule, not the exception.

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