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Urbanization

Urbanization. Unit 6.5. Rural to Urban Shift. By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities, by 1920 it was 50% Push Factors Farm technology meant needing less farmers Poverty of immigrants from other countries Pull Factors Availability of jobs Lure of the cities Great Migration

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Urbanization

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  1. Urbanization Unit 6.5

  2. Rural to Urban Shift • By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities, by 1920 it was 50% • Push Factors • Farm technology meant needing less farmers • Poverty of immigrants from other countries • Pull Factors • Availability of jobs • Lure of the cities • Great Migration • Between 1890 and 1930, over 1 million southern Blacks moved to northern cities. Large numbers during World War I for jobs.

  3. City Changes • Skyscrapers – impact of safety elevator and steel frames • Transportation improvements – streetcars, subways, electric trolleys, elevated railways, and bridges • Sanitation problems – waste, disease, pollution (as public services could not keep up with increase) • Fire and Crime problems – (Chicago and Boston fires 1871)

  4. Leisure Activities • Dance Halls, Social Clubs (Ethnic), Concert Halls • Charity Girls • Vaudeville entertainment acts • Fraternal Organizations (Elks, Moose) • Pubs • Amusement Parks • Coney Island • Shopping • Chain Stores / Department Stores • Marshall Fields in Chicago • Macys in NY • Tea Rooms

  5. New Sports and Entertainment • Theater – Vaudeville and “Movie Palaces” • 1st Silent movie – Great Train Robbery • Music • Ragtime (Scott Joplin) • Sports • “new” sports of baseball, basketball (Dr. Naismith) • Biking, tennis, golf growth • NCAA – football, crew, swimming track

  6. Print Entertainment • Newspaper growth • Cheaper, and more widely read by masses • Yellow Journalism – sensationalism of news • William Randolph Hearst • Joseph Pulitzer • Magazines • Beginning of muckrakers • Ladies Home Journal (Edward Bok) • Harper’s Weekly (Thomas Nast) • Dime Novels • Realism: Alger, Twain, Stephen Crane • William Dean Howells – described shallowness of Americans • Theodore Dreiser – Sister Carrie(showed plight of single women in cities)

  7. Consumer changes • More people bought “store-bought” clothing (sewing machine effect) • More Canned goods (meat-packing and steel effects) • Shopping became a “fun” activity of middle class • Department Stores (Macys, MF), Tea Rooms • Mail Order Catalogs for rural areas (Sears, Mont. Ward) • Increased Advertising and Mass Marketing

  8. Education Changes in late 1800s • Expansion of Public Schools • Americanization of Immigrants • Dawes Act effect (Carlisle School for Indians) • More mandatory schooling for younger ages • Expansion of Colleges and Technical Schools • Gospel of Wealth effect (Vanderbilt, Stanford, Stetson) • Morrill Land Grant Colleges • Growth of Women’s College (Mt. Holyoke and “sister schools”)

  9. Late 1800s society • Victorian Age • For many of the middle and upper classes the idea of being proper • Many worked for temperance and moral laws. • Compare the “proper” and “common” classes (Charity girls) • Growth of the Middle Class • “Vacations” become more common (using trains and Pullman Sleepers) • Effect on woman? • Victorian architecture and suburbs

  10. Misc. Late 1800s • Biggest holiday shared by all – 4th of July • Chautauqua Movement • Middle and upper classes • Many in vacation-type resorts • Lectures on literary, scientific, and theological subjects • Helped to spread Social Gospel idea and Progressive movement

  11. Urban Poor • Ethnic Communities • Tenements • Dumbbell Apartments • Plight shown by Muckrakers • Jacob RiisHow the Other Half Lives

  12. Social Gospel Movement • Social Gospel– concerned with the social and economic injustices • Biggest group – White, Middle-class, Protestant women • Salvation Armystarted in 1879 to help homeless and hungry • Settlement Houses • Wanted to change “unhealthy environment” • Tried to combat ignorance, poverty, crime • Most famous – Hull House led by Jane Addams (Chicago)

  13. City Beautiful Movement • One of the ideas of clearing away slums • Gospel of Wealth – help in adding of Concert Halls, Museums, Libraries and other “cultural” aspects • Frederick Law Olmstead – designer of Central Park

  14. Women Movements • More Education opportunities • Many in new Social Science fields • Involved in many movements • Temperance • WCTU – Woman's Christian Temperance Union • Frances Willard • Carrie Nation • Suffrage • Susan B. Anthony • Settlement House • Jane Addams • Labor • (Mother) Mary Jones

  15. Reflection Questions • How was the growth of leisure activities and entertainment a contradiction of Victorian ideals? • What was the impact of middle class women on various aspects of urban life? • What were the reasons so many came to the cities and what did they face once they arrived? • What changes to urban life from the late 1800s do we still see today?

  16. Links • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_LS1hrWXW0 – urbanization • http://www.history.com/topics/tenements - tenements • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZl4KXsaKVE – Riis photo slideshow • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UH56uswMaJg – urban life, entertainment in late 1800s • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzT8EqhuYxA&feature=related – tenement life slideshow

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