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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS. TAIWAN PART I: EARTHQUAKES

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS. TAIWAN PART I: EARTHQUAKES . Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA . NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE TAIWAN’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK . EARTHQUAKES. GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE. TYPHOONS . FLOODS.

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS. TAIWAN PART I: EARTHQUAKES

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  1. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS. TAIWAN PART I: EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

  2. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE TAIWAN’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK EARTHQUAKES GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE TYPHOONS FLOODS ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE LANDSLIDES ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

  3. EARTHQUAKES EARTHQUAKES OCCUR FREQUENTLY IN TAIWAN AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX INTERACTIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE AND EURASIAN PLATES

  4. JI JI, TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE

  5. OCCURRENCE

  6. JI JI, TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE

  7. JI JI, TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE

  8. JI JI, TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE M 7.3 Shallow depth (about 2 km) 1:47 am SEPTEMBER 21, 1999

  9. JI JI, TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE This earthquake was a subduction zone earthquake caused by interaction of the Philippine plate with the Eurasian plate.

  10. The quake was generated by slip on the Chelongpu fault. THE CAUSATIVE FAULT

  11. SURFACE FAULTING The regional compression caused thrust faulting. Over 60 km of surface faulting with lateral and vertical displacements reaching 9 m and 5 m, respectively, occurred in the center of the Island.

  12. THE MAIN SHOCK WAS FOLLOWED BY 9,000+ AFTERSHOCKS OVER 2 YEARS

  13. QUAKE HAZARDS • BLDG. INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EARLY WARNING • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY and • RECONSTRUCTION EARTHQUAKE RISK POLICY OPTIONS ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE TAIWAN’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

  14. CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN EARTHQUAKES TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP “DISASTER LABORATORIES” POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

  15. RISK ASSESSMENT • VULNERABILITY • EXPOSURE • EVENT • COST • BENEFIT QUAKES EXPECTED LOSS POLICY ADOPTION • CONSEQUENCES POLICY ASSESSMENT TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

  16. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES • PREPAREDNESS PLANNING FOR THE INEVITABLE GROUND SHAKINGIS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

  17. SEISMIC DESIGN MAP IN TAIWAN’S BUILDING CODE

  18. PHYSICAL EFFECTS: GROUND SHAKING • Strong motion records showed that ground shaking was characterized by long-period energy related to the magnitude and local site conditions. • It was several times greater than the level prescribed in the building code.

  19. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES • PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

  20. 44,338 buildings collapsed, and an additional 41,336 houses and buildings were severely damaged. Twenty 10- to 20-story residential buildings either collapsed or experienced significant damage, suggesting frequency-dependent site amplification. BUILDING IMPACTS

  21. IMPACTS IN CAPITOL Strong ground shaking from the main shock and its large aftershocks caused the collapse of mid-rise buildings in Taipei, the capitol, which is located about 140 km north of the epicenter in a deep alluvial basin.

  22. IMPACTS: LIFELINES Strong ground shaking, ground failure, and surface fault rupture caused power outages and severe damage to lifelines. Some kinds of lifeline damage had NEVER been observed in previous earthquakes.

  23. SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS The loss of power had wide ranging effects, including disruption of Taiwan’s semi-conductor fabrication facilities.

  24. IMPACTS: SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE A 30-km-long surface fault rupture caused major destruction to schools, residences, dams, embankments and bridges located in or near the rupture zone.

  25. IMPACTS: BRIDGES Most of the bridges that suffered significant damage were located in the area bounded by two thrust faults that ruptured the surface.

  26. PHYSICAL EFFECTS: LIQUEFACTION Liquefaction caused damage in a residential neighborhood of Yuanlin located in Changhua County. Extensive liquefaction-induced damage was also observed in parts of Taichung Harbor.

  27. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL NATURAL HAZARDS • CAPACITY FOR INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

  28. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL NATURAL HAZARDS • CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTIONIS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

  29. The death toll reached 2,416. 11,446 were injured. Economic losses reached $9.2 billion. Short-term global stock market prices were influenced by impacts on the semi-conductor industry. IMPACTS

  30. BASED ON REPORTS BY USGS, EERI, ASCE/TCLEE, MCEER, TAIWAN AGENCIES, AND OTHERS

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