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NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series : International cooperation and regional politics since 1945 (3): Globalisation of Food: Politics, Economy and Society ( New). Dr. KWONG Chi-man Hong Kong Baptist University. CDI020121547 1.12.2012. Contents.
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NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series: International cooperation and regional politics since 1945 (3): Globalisation of Food: Politics, Economy and Society (New) Dr. KWONG Chi-man Hong Kong Baptist University CDI020121547 1.12.2012
Contents • Food: Simple Matter of Demand and Supply? • Globalisation of Food, 1492-1939 • Food and the World Wars • Globalisation of Food after 1945: • Economy • Politics • Society Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
I: Food: Simple Matter of Demand and Supply? Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Food: Simple Matter of Demand and Supply? • Age of Plenty • Food for a farm labourer, Britain, 1796 • The meals of a mill worker, Britain, 1876 • A blogger’s meal, Hong Kong, 2012 • Famine Cases After 1945 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Food: Simple Matter of Demand and Supply? • Food: solely economic issue? • Human rights issue? • “The Freedom from Want” – Four Freedoms of Franklin Roosevelt, US President, 1941 • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 • Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food…(Article 25). Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Food: Simple Matter of Demand and Supply? • International dimension • Global movement of food and ideas • International trade • Politics and International relations • Social dimension • Class • Eating habit as expression of class identity • Ethnicity and Identity • National identity and national cuisine • Regional culture • Culture • Globalisation • Glocalisation Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
II: Globalisation of Food, 1493-1939 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food, 1493-1939 • Age of Discovery, 1493-1850 • Trade and Colonialism • Movement of food from the Americas to Eurasia • Sugarcane, spice, fruits… • Potato and Maize • Population increase Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food, 1493-1939 • The Mid-Nineteenth Century to WWI • Increase in productivity • Staple food – wheat, barley, rice… • Meat – (16kg per person/year in 1870 – 50+kg per person/year in 1914) • Industrialisation • Dehydration • Pasteurisation • Refrigeration • Canning • Transportation • Railway and steamships • Emergence of large corporations and lobby groups • E.g. United Fruit Company, 1899-1970 and Meat Union • Marketing and consumerism Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food, 1493-1939 • The Mid-Nineteenth Century to WWI (con’t) • International trade – Free Trade • Free trade and division of labour • Banana republics (monoculture) • South America and Australia • Migration and changing diet Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food, 1493-1939 • Sell goods and buy food/ Grow food and buy goods? - Autarchy or Globalisation? • German example (1870-1914): • Contexts: German farmers vs. major exporters of grain (USA, Russia and Canada); population increase; industrialisation; urbanisation; decrease of agricultural pop; political structure of Germany • Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck introduced import tariff of grain to protect farmers and land owning class (Junkers) – high price for imported food • Attempt to dismantle tariff battier failed - conservative opposition • Vicious cycle: increasingly difficult to feed working population with home-grown food – increased reliance on import – unwilling to break tariff barrier Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
III: Food and the World Wars Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Food and the World Wars • Germany • Context: Unable to sustain itself during the First World War under British blockade – “Turnip Winter”: near-famine in 1917; 750,000 died of malnutrition Please use the following links to view two pictures. http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/warbook/images/wb11.jpg http://chestofbooks.com/gardening-horticulture/Commercial-Gardening-4/images/TURNIPS-FOR-STREET-SALE-Turnips-badly-Infested-with-maggots.jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Food and the World Wars • Germany (con’t) • Autarchy vsFree trade? Debate in the 1920s • Argument of Autarchy won • Supported by right-wing movements • The Nazis and Food • Reich Food Corporation – total state control since 1933 • “Blood and soil”: Race, agriculture, and Lebensraum • Understood the inability to feed the Germans during wartime – attack the Soviet Union! • Generalplan Ost, 1940 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Food and the World Wars • Japan • Context: Rapid modernisation after 1868 • Changing eating habits • More animal protein • Increase in rice consumption • 25% increase from 1890s to 1914 • Reliance on colonial supply: Korea and Taiwan • Still not enough! • Manchuria – “Plan for the Settlement of One Million Households over Twenty Years” • China and Southeast Asia • Italy • Battle for Grain 1920s Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Food and the World Wars • Allies attempt to coordinate food • Combined Food Board (Anglo-American Cooperation) • Attempts to increase production – idea of nutrition science • Still, famine in India • Meals of the Soldiers, WWII • Axis • Allies Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
IV: Globalisation of Food after 1945: Economy Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food after 1945: Economy • Post 1945 socio-economic development • Relative peace • Population increase • Industrialisation and urbanisation • Increase in wealth • Change in lifestyle • Multinationals Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food after 1945: Economy • Technological change • Agri-chemistry • Hybrids • Packaging • Refrigerating • Transport • Example: factory ships Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food after 1945: Economy • The Problem of Distribution • Uneven distribution • Obesity in developed countries • Famines around the world • Causes • Natural disaster • Internal and international politics • International trade Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
V: Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • World food situation in 1945 • Overall amount of food available to the world: 12% less than before the war – and a drought broke out in 1946 • Many had less than half of what they had in 1945 than in 1939 • Europe • Production was only 36% of prewar level • Germany: 1,000 calories per person per day in cities • Some Germans lost a pound a day in 1946 • 2 million died in the Soviet Union • Even Britain had to introduce rationing in 1945 • Asia • Famine in China, Korea, Java, and Vietnam • 30 million in China suffered from under-nourishment • 100,000 starved to death in Tokyo three months after the war • The Americas Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • Food as Cold War Weapon • Berlin Airlift, 1948 • Marshall Plan VS Warsaw Pact • Relief package (CARE) from the USA • Politics of Aid • Abundance as propaganda: Hong Kong • Chinese food and water: Hong Kong • East Pearl River Water • Ng Fung Hong • Food trains during the 1967 Riot Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • International Cooperation Attempts (By UN) • The International Institute of Agriculture, 1905-1945 • Combined Food Board during the Second World War • United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture, 1943 (Hot Spring Conference) • Not only about food aid • Also put forward the idea of eating healthily • Food and Agriculture Organisation, 1945- • World Food Programme, 1961 • World Food Conference, 1974 • World Food Council, 1974-1993 • World Summit on Food Security, 1996, 2002, 2009 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • International Cooperation Attempts (By Others) • World Trade organization, 1993 • Global Food Security Program (World Bank), 2010 • European Union • European Food Safety Authority Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • Work Done • Food aid • Setting standards • Food safety • Market regulation • Removal of trade barrier • Sharing technology • Joint research • Dissemination Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • Limitations of Cooperation • Processes of reaching international agreements • Tensions • Politics within the international organisations • States vs. States • States vs. Corporations and interest groups • Politics within the states • States vs. individuals • Corporations vs. individuals Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • Limitations of Cooperation (con’t) • Other Causes • Political • Internal situation in countries • Multinational and agricultural interests • Lack of consensus among countries • Politics of food aid • Technological and Economic • Trade and food aid • Bottleneck in production • Speculation and trade barrier • Oil price and food fuel • New technology vs. vested interest Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
VI: Globalisation of Food after 1945: Society Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food after 1945: Society • Prices of Increased Productivity • Environmental • Wastage • Impact of agriculture on environment • Carbon footprint of food • Loss of biodiversity • Obesity • Over-consumption • Health cost • Entrenched interest • American Meat Institute, National Meat Association, American Association of Meat Processors • Twisting of taste • Standardisation of flavour • Artificial flavour Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Globalisation of Food after 1945: Society • Cultural and Class Dimensions • National cuisine and regional food? • Class dimension of food? • Conservation VS tradition • Whale hunting in Japan: a means to get protein quickly after the Second World War • Now seen as a traditional institutional that should not be abandoned • Employment • Vested interest Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
The END! Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Food for a farm labourer, 1796 • Bread • Little bit of bacon • Sometimes with potatoes • A bit cheese • Beer,sugared tea, and “tiny quantities of milk” Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
The meals of a mill worker, 1876 • Monday: a bit of cold meat • Tuesday: a hash (mix of diced meat, potatoes, and spices) • Wednesday: a potato pie • Thursday: fry liver and onions • Friday: potted meat • Saturday: sausage • With potatoes, bread, and beverages such as tea, beer, and milk Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
A Blogger’s Meal, 2012 (Not a wedding dinner!) • Roasted pig • Fried crab leg • Stir-fried shrimp • Dried scallop • Sharks fin soup • Abalone with goose palm • Steamed garoupa • Crispy chicken • Shanghai dumplings • Braised noodles Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Famine Cases After 1945 Year Location Deaths Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Potatoes and Population Growth Nathan Nunn; Nancy Qian, (2011). “The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from a Historical Experiment”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (2): 600. Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Potatoes and Population Growth Nathan Nunn; Nancy Qian, (2011). “The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from a Historical Experiment”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (2): 594. Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Increased Productivity Alexander Apostolides, “English Agricultural Output And Labour Productivity, 1250–1850: Some Preliminary Estimates”. http://www.basvanleeuwen.net/bestanden/agriclongrun1250to1850.pdf Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Increased Productivity Export of Frozen Meat 1881-1900 (tons) K. T. H. Farrer, A Settlement Amply Supplied, p. 250; http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/aghistory/livestock/beef/markets_and_marketing/marketing_-_produce Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
US Meat Industry, 1900s Please use the following links to view two pictures about the Industrialized Butcher House in the USA in the 1900s. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_FrsZ4UW5Hs/TPVfKiPSLtI/AAAAAAAAArY/oDS_yXTQkYE/s1600/beef5.jpg http://www.brandeis.edu/investigate/foodborne-illness/images/Beef-industry-1900s-4.jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Canned Food, 1890s Please use this link to view the picture of the Cooked Corn Beef, USA, 1890s http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8031/7986212820_c0be7643c6_m.jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Marketing and Commercials Please use the following two links to view two posters. http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images/crackerspack.jpg http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images/patersonspack.jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Banana Carriers Please use this link to view the picture of SS Abangarez, 5,000t cargo ship built for the United Fruit Company in 1911 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a6/SS_Abangarez.jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
German Generalplan Ost, 1940 Please use this link to view the map. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Generalplan_Ost_map.tiff/lossy-page1-1024px-Generalplan_Ost_map.tiff.jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
War Deaths, 1945-2000 Please use this link to view the map which shows the war deaths From 1945 to 2000. http://www.worldmapper.org/images/largepng/287.png Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
International Fast Food Dist. Please use this link to view the map which shows the international Fast food distribution. http://www.worldmapper.org/images/largepng/364.png Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Food Multinationals Please use this link to view the companies which have enormous number of consumer brands in the market. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/27/consumer-brands-owned-ten-companies-graphic_n_1458812.html Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Per capita food consumption (kcal/person/day) FAO, World Agriculture: towards 2015/2030, p.30 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society
Obesity and health problem Please use this link to view the charts showing the overweight rates in analyzed countries and OECD (adults) in 2010. http://www.oecd.org/els/healthpoliciesanddata/thirdlancetseriesonchronicdiseaseschina-keyfacts.htm Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society