COPY YOUR HOMEWORK

1. COPY YOUR HOMEWORK • Chapter 17 Section 1 • Read Pages 562 – 567 • Answer Main Idea Questions A – C • Complete the Skillbuilder #1 -2 page 564 • Complete the Skillbuilder #1 -2 page 566 • Copy the Terms & Names into your notebook.

2. OPENING ASSIGNMENT • After Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, the US entered the war. Americans needed to mobilize a depressed peacetime country for war. The US needed to produce the workers, soldiers, weapons, and equipment that will help win the war. • How can the United States use its resources to achieve victory? • How can government encourage businesses to convert to wartime production? • What sacrifices will Americans be willing to make? • How can the military attract recruits?

3. Essential Learning Goal: • The Second World War caused dramatic changes for the citizens of the US and to the US’ position as a world power. • Learning Targets: • I can explain how volunteerism, the Selective Service System, and the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) helped provide necessary military personnel. • I can identify the impact of industry in converting from a peacetime economy to a wartime economy. • I can explain how the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) begins to shape a brave new world. • I can identify the importance of the Office of Price Administration (OPA), War Production Board (WPB), and rationing in preparing the US for wartime.

4. THE UNITED STATES IN WORLD WAR II AMERICA TURNS THE TIDE

5. SECTION 1: MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE • After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, they thought America would avoid further conflict with them. • The Japan Times newspaper said America was “trembling in their shoes”. • But if America was trembling, it was with rage, not fear. • “Remember Pearl Harbor” was the rallying cry as America entered WWII

6. AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLIST • After Pearl Harbor five million Americans enlisted to fight in the war. • The Selective Service expanded the draft and eventually provided an additional 10 million soldiers.

7. WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT • Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall pushed for the formation of the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC). • Under this program women worked in non-combat roles such as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, and pilots.

8. ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT Despite discrimination at home, minority populations contributed to the war effort. • 1,000,000 African Americans served in the military. • 300,000 Mexican-Americans. • 33,000 Japanese Americans. The most decorated American combat unit in WWII, the 442nd Regimental Combat Team composed of Japanese-Americans. • 25,000 Native Americans. • 13,000 Chinese Americans. 1/5 of all Chinese American men served. These “Golden 13” Great Lakes officers scored the highest marks ever on the Officers exam in 1944

9. A PRODUCTION MIRACLE • Americans converted their auto industry into a war industry. • The nation’s automobile plants began to produce tanks, planes, boats, and command cars. • Many other industries also converted to war-related supplies.

10. LABOR’S CONTRIBUTION • By 1944, nearly 18 million workers were laboring in war industries (3x the number in 1941). • More than 6 million of these were women and nearly 2 million were minority.

11. MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS • In 1941, FDR created the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to bring scientists into the war effort. • Focus was on radar and sonar to locate submarines. • Also the scientists worked on penicillin and pesticides like DDT.

12. MANHATTAN PROJECT • The most important achievement of the OSRD was the secret development of the atomic bomb. • Einstein wrote to FDR warning him that the Germans were attempting to develop such a weapon. • The code name for the American efforts to build the bomb was the “Manhattan Project”.

13. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TAKES CONTROL OF INFLATION • With prices of goods threatening to rise out of control, FDR responded by creating the Office of Price Administration (OPA). • The OPA froze prices on most goods and encouraged the purchase of war bonds to fight inflation.

15. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD • To ensure the troops had ample resources, FDR created the WPB. • The WPB decided which companies would convert to wartime production and how to best allocate raw materials to those industries.

16. COLLECTION DRIVES • The WPB also organized nationwide drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans, paper, rags and cooking fat for recycling. • Additionally, the OPA set up a system of rationing. • Households had set allocations of scarce goods – gas, meat, shoes, sugar, and coffee.

17. WWII Poster encouraging conservation

19. Daily Review 1. Why were the Selective Service System and the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps necessary supplements to the volunteers who entered the US military during WWII. 2. How did the US economy transition from peacetime to wartime? 3. How did the US government assist in regulating the economy? 4. What types of items were rationed during the war? 5. How did the Office of Scientific Research and Development help create a new wonder weapon?

20. Opening Assignment • If you were absent yesterday, copy assignment from the board. • Turn in yesterday’s classwork if you haven’t. • Why do you feel that President FDR would decide to focus the United States efforts on helping the British defeat the Germans and Italians before focusing on the Japanese?

21. Opening Assignment • If you were testing yesterday, please copy the assignment from the board. • Why do you feel that President FDR would decide to focus the United States efforts on helping the British defeat the Germans and Italians before focusing on the Japanese? • Answer: the Atlantic Charter, the British were facing serious difficulties, we were more interested in helping the British than the people of Southeast Asia.

22. Essential Learning Goal: • The Second World War caused dramatic changes for the citizens of the US and to the US’ position as a world power. • Learning Targets: • I can identify the geographic locations for the following battles of World War II; The Battle of the Atlantic, the Battle of Stalingrad, the war in North Africa, the Italian Campaign, D-Day, and the Battle of the Bulge. • I can explain how the American and British invasions of North Africa, Italy, and France took pressure off the Soviet Union and allowed the Allies to defeat the Axis. • I can identify the Allied leaders; Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, George Patton, and Harry S. Truman.

23. SECTION 2: THE WAR FOR EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA • Days after Pearl Harbor, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill arrived at the White House and spent three weeks working out war plans with FDR • They decided to focus on defeating Hitler first and then turn their attention to Japan

24. THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC • After America’s entry into the war, Hitler was determined to prevent foods and war supplies from reaching Britain and the USSR from America’s east coast • He ordered submarine raids on U.S. ships on the Atlantic • During the first four months of 1942 Germany sank 87 U.S. ships The power of the German submarines was great, and in two months' time almost two million tons of Allied ships were resting on the ocean floor. Efforts were soon made to restrict German sub activities.

26. ALLIES CONTROL U-BOATS • In the first seven months of 1942, German U-boats sank 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic • Something had to be done or the war at sea would be lost • First, Allies used convoys of ships & airplanes to transport supplies • Destroyers used sonar to track U-boats • Airplanes were used to track the U-boats ocean surfaces • With this improved tracking, Allies inflicted huge losses on German U-boats U-426 sinks after attack from the air, January 1944. Almost two-thirds of all U-boat sailors died during the Battle of the Atlantic.

28. THE EASTERN FRONT & MEDITERRANEAN • Hitler wanted to wipe out Stalingrad – a major industrial center • In the summer of 1942, the Germans took the offensive in the southern Soviet Union • By the winter of 1943, the Allies began to see victories on land as well as sea • The first great turning point of the war was the Battle of Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad was a huge Allied victory

29. BATTLE OF STALINGRAD • For weeks the Germans pressed in on Stalingrad • Then winter set in and the Germans were wearing summer uniforms • The Germans surrendered in January of 1943 • The Soviets lost more than 1 million men in the battle (more than twice the number of deaths the U.S. suffered in all the war) Wounded in the Battle of Stalingrad

30. THE NORTH AFRICAN FRONT • “Operation Torch” – an invasion of Axis -controlled North Africa --was launched by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1942 • Allied troops landed in Casablanca, Oran and the Algiers in Algeria • They sped eastward chasing the Afrika Korps led by German General Erwin Rommel American tanks roll in the deserts of Africa and defeat German and Axis forces

31. Allied troops landed in Casa-blanca, Oran and the Algiers

32. CASABLANCA MEETING • FDR and Churchill met in Casablanca and decided their next moves • 1) Plan amphibious invasions of Italy and France • 2) Only unconditional surrender would be accepted FDR and Churchill in Casablanca

33. ITALIAN CAMPAIGN – ANOTHER ALLIED VICTORY • The Italian Campaign got off to a good start as the Allies easily took Sicily • At that point King Emmanuel III stripped Mussolini of his power and had him arrested • However, Hitler’s forces continued to resist the Allies in Italy • Heated battles ensued and it wasn’t until 1945 that Italy was secured by the Allies

34. TUSKEGEE AIRMEN • Among the brave men who fought in Italy were pilots of the all-black 99th squadron – the Tuskegee Airmen • The pilots made numerous effective strikes against Germany and won two distinguished Unit Citations

35. On May 31, 1943, the 99th Squadron, the first group of African-American pilots trained at the Tuskegee Institute, arrived in North Africa

36. ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPE Allies sent fake coded messages indicating they would attack here • Even as the Allies were battling for Italy, they began plans on a dramatic invasion of France • It was known as “Operation Overlord” and the overall commander was American General Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Omar Bradley commanded the Americans. • Also called “D-Day,” the operation involved 3 million U.S., British & Canadian troops and was set for June 6, 1944

37. D-DAY JUNE 6, 1944 • D-Day was the largest land-sea-air operation in military history • Despite air support, German retaliation was brutal – especially at Omaha Beach • Within a month, the Allies had landed 1 million troops, 567,000 tons of supplies and 170,000 vehicles D-Day was an amphibious landing – soldiers going from sea to land

38. OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44

39. Landing at Normandy

40. Planes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France

41. We will watch the Omaha beach landing from Saving Private Ryan. Watch this clip of paratroopers fighting on D-Day. The clip is from the HBO series Band of Brothers, a story of Easy Company of the 506th parachute infantry regiment from the 101st Airborne division.

42. Losses were extremely heavy on D-Day

43. Liberation of FRANCE • By September 1944, the Allies had freed France, Belgium and Luxembourg • That good news – and the American’s people’s desire not to “change horses in midstream” – helped elect FDR to an unprecedented 4th term General George Patton (right) was instrumental in the Allies freeing France

44. VS.

45. Classwork Due this Period!! • Draw a map of the following geographic locations for the following battles of World War II: • The Battle of the Atlantic • the Battle of Stalingrad • the war in North Africa • the Italian Campaign • D-Day • Explain how the American and British invasions of North Africa, Italy, and France took pressure off the Soviet Union and allowed the Allies to defeat the Axis. • Identify the Allied leaders; • Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, & George Patton.

46. HOMEWORK • Chapter 17 Section 2 • Read Pages 569 – 577 • Main Ideas A – F • SkillBuilder Page 572 #1 – 2 • SkillBuilder Page 575 #1 – 2 • Define the Terms & Names into your notebook.

47. Opening Assignment • Take out classwork from Tues. • How did the western Allies relieve pressure on the Soviets? Where? • Review the geographic locations discussed yesterday on the map you drew or page 572.

48. BATTLE OF THE BULGE • In October 1944, Americans captured their first German town (Aachen)– the Allies were closing in • Hitler responded with one last ditch massive offensive • Hitler hoped breaking through the Allied line would break up Allied supply lines

49. BATTLE OF THE BULGE • The battle raged for a month – the Germans had been pushed back • Little seemed to have changed, but in fact the Germans had sustained heavy losses • Germany lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and 1,600 planes • From that point on the Nazis could do little but retreat The Battle of the Bulge was Germany’s last gasp to stop the western Allies advance

50. ALLIES TAKE BERLIN; HITLER COMMITS SUICIDE • By April 25, 1945, the Soviet army stormed Berlin • In his underground headquarters in Berlin, Hitler prepared for the end • On April 29, he married his longtime girlfriend Eva Braun then wrote a last note in which he blamed the Jews for starting the war and his generals for losing it • The next day he gave poison to his wife and shot himself