Past Participles Present Perfect Pluperfect Passive Voice

1. Past Participles Present PerfectPluperfectPassive Voice

2. What is a past participle? • A past participle may be • An adjective • a closed door • Part of a verb phrase • we have closed • she has written

3. What is a past participle? • In English, some end in –ed • opened, painted, talked • others are irregular • driven, eaten, run, seen, written

4. Forming a past participle • -AR VERBS • drop the –ar ending • add “–ado” to the stem • -ER/-IR VERBS • drop the –er/-ir ending • add “–ido” to the stem.

5. Forming a past participle • -AR VERBS hablar • -ER/-IR VERBS comer vivir habl- hablado spoken comido com- eaten viv- vivido lived

6. Forming a past participle... • There is a written accent in the past participle of –er and –ir verbs whose stems end in a, e, or o: • caer caído • leer leído • oír oído • traer traído

7. Irregular Past Participles • abrir  abierto • cubrir  cubierto • decir  dicho • devolver  devuelto • escribir  escrito • hacer  hecho

8. Irregular Past Participles • ir  ido • morir  muerto • poner  puesto • romper  roto • ver  visto • volver  vuelto

9. The present perfect tense • The present perfect talks about things someone has done. • It always consists of : • have or has + present participle. • It implies that you have already done something. • ya = already • (Yo) ya he visto la película.

10. The present perfect tense • The present perfect talks about things someone hasn’t done yet. • todavía = yet • It takes the double negative. • Yo no he visto la película todavía. (Todavía no he visto..) • I haven’t seen the movie yet.

11. The present perfect tense • Past participles are used with “haber” to form the present perfect tense. • Yo he estudiado–I have (already) studied.

12. Los estudiantes han aprendido mucho. • The students have learned a lot. The present perfect tense refers to actions completed in the past but that relate to the past. -Esta experiencia en Apponequet ha sido muy bueno. … has been very good.

13. ¿Qué has hecho esta semana? • No he hecho nada. • ¿Ha viajado a España tu profesora de español? • Sí, ella ha viajado a España.

14. Notice that the past participle of the present perfect tense DOES NOT REFLECT GENDER OR NUMBER! Only “haber” changes to agree with the subject. • When you use the object pronouns or reflexive pronouns with the present perfect you put the pronounbefore the conjugated form of haber.

15. No me has dado la tarea. • You haven’t given me the homework. • No me la has dado. • You haven’t given it to me. • Yo le he escrito a mi amigo. • I have written to my friend. • Nos hemos enojado. (enojarse) • We have gotten angry.

16. The Pluperfect Tense (el pluscuamperfecto) • Past participles are used with “haber” to form the past perfect tense. • Yo ya había estudiado • I had already studied.

17. The pluperfect tense • The pluperfect is used to indicate events that precede other events in the past. • Cuando yo nací mi abuelo ya había muerto. • When I was born, my grandfather had already died.

18. Past Participles used as Adjectives • the closed door (closed = adj) • As always, adjectives must: • 1)Agree with the noun they modify • 2)Come after the noun • the closed door = la puerta cerrada • the door is closed = • La puerta está cerrada.

19. Past Participles used as Adjectives • Where have we used past participles before? • ¿Estás cansado? • Sí, estoy cansado. • ¿Están aburridos los estudiantes? • No, los estudiantes no están aburridos. • La clase está muy divertida.

20. Las construcciones ser y estar y el participio pasado • The past participle can also be used with ser expressed in the passive voice. • Ser + past participle is used to express: • an action in the passive voice • An action happening • Estar + past participleis used to express: • a condition resulting from an action. In this type of construction, the agent is never mentioned. • Result of an action. The action has stopped.

21. Las construcciones ser y estar y el participio pasado Ser + past participle : • El restaurante es abierto por el gerente. • The restaurant is opened by the manager. • Estar + past participle: • El restaurante está abierto. • The restaurant is open (not closed).

22. The Past Participle Ser + past participle : • El restaurante es abierto por el gerente. • The restaurant is opened by the manager. • The construcion “se + verbo” is more commonly used in Spanish to express the passive voice when an agent isn’t expressed. • Se abre el restaurante. • The restaurant is opened.

23. The Past Participle • se + verb + subject • subject + se + verb • Note: that the verb always agrees with the subject, which may come before or after the verb • Se venden zapatos allí. • Shoes are sold there. • Nuestra casa se construyó en 1990. • Our house was built…

24. The Past Participle • The subject can also represent people. • Se necesitan mecánicos con experiencia. • Experienced mechanics are needed. • Such constructions are often used to describe events resulting from unknown agents or natural phenomena. • Se rompió la ventana. • The window got broken (nobody knows who did it)

25. The Past Participle • The “se” construction may also be used to express that an action occurred unintentionally. • se + indirect object + verb + subject • Note the difference: • Active construcion: Ella rompió los vasos. • She broke the glasses • Se le rompieron los vasos. • She broke the glasses (unintentionally)

26. Other uses • The impersonal “se” can also be used to indicate that unspecified people (they, people in general etc.) did soemthing to specific peopl. • se + singular verb + a + specific person • Se felicitó a los estudiantes. • They congratulated the student. • The students were congratulated.