Georgia High School Graduation Test

1. Georgia High School Graduation Test The Science Test

2. What content is covered on the test? The science test is comprised of five domains: Cells & Heredity (25%) Ecology (17%) Structure and Properties of matter (26%) Energy Transformations (16%) Forces, Waves, & Electricity (16%)

3. Biology Review

4. What is the Cell Theory? • All organisms are made up of one or more cells. • The cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms. • All cells come from other cells all ready in existence.

5. What are the types of cells? Eukaryotic cells • true nucleus and organelles • plants, animals, protists, and fungi are eukaryotes Prokaryotic cells • lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles • bacteria

6. What are the parts of cells? • Cell membrane -passage of materials into and out of the cell • Nucleus - controls cell functions; DNA • Nucleolus – produces ribosomes • Mitochondria- cell energy • Ribosome- protein synthesis • Vacuole- cell storage • Lysosome- cell digestion

7. What are the parts of cells?(continued) • Endoplasmic reticulum- chemical synthesis • Golgi apparatus- packages proteins for secretion • Cell wall (plants only)- rigid outer wall; nonliving • Chloroplasts (plants only)- photosynthesis • Centrioles (animals only) - cell division

8. The Cell

10. How are cells organized? • Cell • Tissue – group of cells functioning together. • Organ – group of tissues functioning together. • Organ System – group of organs functioning together. • Organism – group of organ systems functioning together.

11. What is homeostasis? • Homeostasis • Steady State • Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to maintain your internal environment

12. How do cells transport materials? • Diffusion- movement of materials form a higher concentration to a lower concentration • Osmosis- diffusion of water through a Membrane

13. How do cells transport materials? • Passive transport is the movement of materials that does not require energy. • Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion • Active Transport requires the use of energy. • pumps

14. What are the chemicals of life?

15. How do cells divide?

16. How do cells divide?

17. Where Does A Cell Get Energy? • In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use. • Extra energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) .

18. What is photosynthesis?

19. What is photosynthesis? • 6 CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Occurs in chloroplasts • Two parts: • Light reaction • Calvin cycle (dark reaction)

20. What is Respiration? • The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy. • Occurs in the mitochondria. • Two types: • Aerobic – requires oxygen. • Anaerobic – requires an absence of oxygen. • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

21. What is DNA? • DNA contains the blueprint for life. • Nucleotides are the building blocks. • Contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and • 4 bases: • Adenine - Thymine • Cytosine - Guanine

22. DNA Deoxyribose Thymine Double stranded Found only in nucleus RNA Ribose Uracil Single stranded How are DNA & RNA Different?

23. How does DNA control Protein Synthesis? • Transcription • mRNA copies the message from DNA in the nucleus • Translation • Forms a protein by translating the message on RNA into an amino acid sequence

24. What are the levels of organization of ecology? Population – group of 1 species living in the same place Communities - group of interacting populations Ecosystem – the community and its environment Biome – group of ecosystems with the same communities Biosphere – the circle of life

25. Individual Population Ecosystem

26. How does matter & energy flow in an ecosystem? • Food Chains – one path of energy flow • Food Webs – complex model that expresses all the possible feeding relationships in a community

28. Pyramid of energy, numbers, or biomass

29. GaHSGT Chemistry Review

30. Charge Mass Location protons +1 1 amu nucleus neutrons Neutral 1 amu nucleus electrons -1 0 Outside nucleus in electron cloud SPS1. Students will investigate our current understanding of the atom.

31. Bohr’s Energy Levels • In the Bohr model there were distinct energy levels where electrons could exist. • 1st energy level holds 2 electrons • 2nd energy level holds 8 electrons • 3rd energy level holds 8 then 18 after 4th level gets 2 electrons. What element is this? Oxygen

32. Modern View of the Atom • The atom is mostly empty space. • Two regions • Nucleus- protons and neutrons. • Electron cloud- region where you might find an electron.

33. Atomic Number The number of protons in an atom of a particular element is its atomic number. Each element has a different atomic number.

34. Atomic Mass • Protons and neutrons are responsible for most of the atomic mass of an atom. • The number of protons and neutrons in an atom are the mass number of that atom.

35. Remember to use the Periodic Table provided on the Test.

36. 9____ F Fluorine 18.998 2,7 Atomic Number Atomic Symbol Element name Atomic Mass Number of electrons per level

37. Isotopes For any given element, all nuclei have the same number of protons, but the number of neutrons may vary. These atoms of the same element with different atomic masses are called isotopes.

38. SPS6. Students will investigate the properties of solutions. • A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solute and a solvent. • A solute is the dissolved substance in a solution. There is less of it. salt in salt water sugar in soda carbon dioxide in soda • A solvent is the dissolving medium. You have more of it. water in salt water water in sodas

39. Dilute vs Concentrated

40. Saturation of Solutions

41. Conductivity of Solutions • An electrolyte is a substance whose water solution conducts electricity. • ionic compounds such as NaCl (sodium chloride) • acids and bases such as HCl (hydrochloric acid) and NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

42. State Movement Proximity Shape/Volume Solid Very little; slow Tightly packed Definite shape and volume Liquid Free to move; faster Close together No definite shape; definite volume Gas Very fast Very far apart No definite shape; fills container Students will compare and contrast the phases of matter as they relate to atomic and molecular motion.

43. Solid Liquid Gas

44. Plasma- the 4th state of matter • Plasmas consist of freely moving charged particles, i.e., electrons and ions. • Lightning creates a jagged column of plasma. • When an electric current is passed through neon gas, it produces both plasma and light.

45. Explain the process of half-life as related to radioactive decay. The time it takes for half of a radioactive element to decay is its half-life.

46. Physics Review

47. Velocity • Distance covered in a certain amount of time • Velocity = distance time

48. Acceleration • Rate at which velocity changes • Acceleration = final velocity – initial velocity time

49. Force • A push or pull • Measured in Newtons • An object at rest and an object moving at a constant velocity is being acted upon by a net force of zero

50. Newton’s 1st Law of Motion An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force Inertia